Kejadian Pendek-gemuk pada Anak Berusia Bawah Dua Tahun Berhubungan dengan Konsumsi Lemak dan Pendidikan Ibu

Linear growth retardation (stunting) is still prevalent in developing countries. On the other hand, the prevalence of overweight and obesity also increases. The result of the situation is double burden of child nutrition status, both stunted and obese/overweight at time same. The objective of the study is to assess the prevalence of children under two years of age who are stunted and overweight at the same time and its associated factors in Indonesia. The study used secondary data from the National Basic Health Research in 2010. The samples were 2116 under two year of age from all provinces in Indonesia. Anthropometry indices were generated using 2005 WHO standards for children. A child that categorized as stunted and overweight were those with a length-for-age z-score <-2 SD and a weight-for-length z-score >2SD from the median of the reference standard adjusted for the relevant sex and age group. Logistic regression and sample weighting factors were performed for the data analysis. The result wasthe prevalence of stunting with concurrent overweight 19.8 percent. Factors that significantly associated with stunting overweight were fat intake and maternal education. Low fat intake was associated with stunting and overweight (OR 0.52, 95% CI 0.29-0.94). Mother with no schooling is also associated with stunting and overweight of their children (OR 3.24, 95% CI 1.35-7.78). This analysis emphasizes that there had been double burden of child nutrition among children in Indonesia.However, eventhough low fat intake was one of the factors associated with stunting and overweight among under two children, restriction of fat intake in first year of life is not recommended

The evolving SARS-CoV-2 epidemic in Africa: Insights from rapidly expanding genomic surveillance

INTRODUCTION Investment in Africa over the past year with regard to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) sequencing has led to a massive increase in the number of sequences, which, to date, exceeds 100,000 sequences generated to track the pandemic on the continent. These sequences have profoundly affected how public health officials in Africa have navigated the COVID-19 pandemic. RATIONALE We demonstrate how the first 100,000 SARS-CoV-2 sequences from Africa have helped monitor the epidemic on the continent, how genomic surveillance expanded over the course of the pandemic, and how we adapted our sequencing methods to deal with an evolving virus. Finally, we also examine how viral lineages have spread across the continent in a phylogeographic framework to gain insights into the underlying temporal and spatial transmission dynamics for several variants of concern (VOCs). RESULTS Our results indicate that the number of countries in Africa that can sequence the virus within their own borders is growing and that this is coupled with a shorter turnaround time from the time of sampling to sequence submission. Ongoing evolution necessitated the continual updating of primer sets, and, as a result, eight primer sets were designed in tandem with viral evolution and used to ensure effective sequencing of the virus. The pandemic unfolded through multiple waves of infection that were each driven by distinct genetic lineages, with B.1-like ancestral strains associated with the first pandemic wave of infections in 2020. Successive waves on the continent were fueled by different VOCs, with Alpha and Beta cocirculating in distinct spatial patterns during the second wave and Delta and Omicron affecting the whole continent during the third and fourth waves, respectively. Phylogeographic reconstruction points toward distinct differences in viral importation and exportation patterns associated with the Alpha, Beta, Delta, and Omicron variants and subvariants, when considering both Africa versus the rest of the world and viral dissemination within the continent. Our epidemiological and phylogenetic inferences therefore underscore the heterogeneous nature of the pandemic on the continent and highlight key insights and challenges, for instance, recognizing the limitations of low testing proportions. We also highlight the early warning capacity that genomic surveillance in Africa has had for the rest of the world with the detection of new lineages and variants, the most recent being the characterization of various Omicron subvariants. CONCLUSION Sustained investment for diagnostics and genomic surveillance in Africa is needed as the virus continues to evolve. This is important not only to help combat SARS-CoV-2 on the continent but also because it can be used as a platform to help address the many emerging and reemerging infectious disease threats in Africa. In particular, capacity building for local sequencing within countries or within the continent should be prioritized because this is generally associated with shorter turnaround times, providing the most benefit to local public health authorities tasked with pandemic response and mitigation and allowing for the fastest reaction to localized outbreaks. These investments are crucial for pandemic preparedness and response and will serve the health of the continent well into the 21st century