Determination of the Deep Inelastic Contribution to the Generalised Gerasimov-Drell-Hearn Integral for the Proton and Neutron

The virtual photon absorption cross section differences [sigma_1/2-sigma_3/2] for the proton and neutron have been determined from measurements of polarised cross section asymmetries in deep inelastic scattering of 27.5 GeV longitudinally polarised positrons from polarised 1H and 3He internal gas targets. The data were collected in the region above the nucleon resonances in the kinematic range nu < 23.5 GeV and 0.8 GeV**2 < Q**2 < 12 GeV**2. For the proton the contribution to the generalised Gerasimov-Drell-Hearn integral was found to be substantial and must be included for an accurate determination of the full integral. Furthermore the data are consistent with a QCD next-to-leading order fit based on previous deep inelastic scattering data. Therefore higher twist effects do not appear significant.Comment: 6 pages, 3 figures, 1 table, revte

Observation of a Coherence Length Effect in Exclusive Rho^0 Electroproduction

Exclusive incoherent electroproduction of the rho^0(770) meson from 1H, 2H, 3He, and 14N targets has been studied by the HERMES experiment at squared four-momentum transfer Q**2>0.4 GeV**2 and positron energy loss nu from 9 to 20 GeV. The ratio of the 14N to 1H cross sections per nucleon, known as the nuclear transparency, was found to decrease with increasing coherence length of quark-antiquark fluctuations of the virtual photon. The data provide clear evidence of the interaction of the quark- antiquark fluctuations with the nuclear medium.Comment: RevTeX, 5 pages, 3 figure

Dietary suppression of MHC-II expression in intestinal stem cells enhances intestinal tumorigenesis

Little is known about how interactions between diet, immune recognition, and intestinal stem cells (ISCs) impact the early steps of intestinal tumorigenesis. Here, we show that a high fat diet (HFD) reduces the expression of the major histocompatibility complex II (MHC-II) genes in ISCs. This decline in ISC MHC-II expression in a HFD correlates with an altered intestinal microbiome composition and is recapitulated in antibiotic treated and germ-free mice on a control diet. Mechanistically, pattern recognition receptor and IFNg signaling regulate MHC-II expression in ISCs. Although MHC-II expression on ISCs is dispensable for stem cell function in organoid cultures in vitro, upon loss of the tumor suppressor gene Apc in a HFD, MHC-II- ISCs harbor greater in vivo tumor-initiating capacity than their MHC-II+ counterparts, thus implicating a role for epithelial MHC-II in suppressing tumorigenesis. Finally, ISC-specific genetic ablation of MHC-II in engineered Apc-mediated intestinal tumor models increases tumor burden in a cell autonomous manner. These findings highlight how a HFD alters the immune recognition properties of ISCs through the regulation of MHC-II expression in a manner that could contribute to intestinal tumorigenesis

Structure of dual-BON domain protein DolP identifies phospholipid binding as a new mechanism for protein localization

The Gram-negative outer membrane envelops the bacterium and functions as a permeability barrier against antibiotics, detergents and environmental stresses. Some virulence factors serve to maintain the integrity of the outer membrane, including DolP (formerly YraP) a protein of unresolved structure and function. Here we reveal DolP is a lipoprotein functionally conserved among Gram-negative bacteria and that loss of DolP increases membrane fluidity. We present the NMR solution structure for Escherichia coli DolP, which is composed of two BON domains that form an interconnected opposing pair. The C-terminal BON domain binds anionic phospholipids through an extensive membrane:protein interface. This interaction is essential for DolP function and is required for sub-cellular localization of the protein to the cell division site, providing evidence of subcellular localization of these phospholipids within the outer membrane. The structure of DolP provides a new target for developing therapies that disrupt the integrity of the bacterial cell envelope

Factors Associated with Revision Surgery after Internal Fixation of Hip Fractures

Background: Femoral neck fractures are associated with high rates of revision surgery after management with internal fixation. Using data from the Fixation using Alternative Implants for the Treatment of Hip fractures (FAITH) trial evaluating methods of internal fixation in patients with femoral neck fractures, we investigated associations between baseline and surgical factors and the need for revision surgery to promote healing, relieve pain, treat infection or improve function over 24 months postsurgery. Additionally, we investigated factors associated with (1) hardware removal and (2) implant exchange from cancellous screws (CS) or sliding hip screw (SHS) to total hip arthroplasty, hemiarthroplasty, or another internal fixation device. Methods: We identified 15 potential factors a priori that may be associated with revision surgery, 7 with hardware removal, and 14 with implant exchange. We used multivariable Cox proportional hazards analyses in our investigation. Results: Factors associated with increased risk of revision surgery included: female sex, [hazard ratio (HR) 1.79, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.25-2.50; P = 0.001], higher body mass index (fo

Influence of the Alkene Structure On the Mechanism and Kinetics of Thiol-Alkene Photopolymerizations With Real-Time Infrared Spectroscopy

The effect of the chemical structure on the reactivity of alkenes used in thiol-ene photopolymerizations has been investigated with real-time infrared spectroscopy. Model studies of thiol-ene photoreactions with various monofunctional hydrocarbon alkenes and the monofunctional thiol ethyl-3-mercaptopropionate have been performed to identify and understand structure-reactivity relationships. The results demonstrate that terminal enes react very rapidly with thiol, achieve complete conversion, and are independent of the aliphatic hydrocarbon substituent length. Disubstitution on a single carbon of a terminal ene significantly reduces the reactivity, whereas substitution on the carbon a to the terminal ene has a minimal influence on the reactivity. Internal trans enes display reduced reactivity and a lower overall conversion and deviate from the standard thiol-ene reaction mechanism because of steric strain induced by 1,3-interactions. The reactivity and conversion of internal trans enes decrease as the substituents on the ene become larger, reaching a minimum when the substituent size is greater than or equal to that of propyl groups. Internal cis enes react rapidly with thiol; however, they undergo a fast isomerization-elimination reaction sequence generating the trans ene, which proceeds to react at a reduced rate with thiol. The reactivity of cyclic enes is dictated by ring strain, stereoelectronic effects, and hydrogen abstractability. The reactivity trends in the model studies have been used to explain the photopolymerization mechanism and kinetics of a series of multifunctional thiol-ene systems. (C) 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc

Photopolymerization of Pigmented Thiol-ene Systems

Photopolymerization kinetics and optical properties of pigmented thiol-ene coatings were investigated using photo-DSC, real-time FTIR, colorimetry, and AFM. Pigment has no deleterious effect on the unique ability of thiol-ene systems to photopolymerize in air. When trimethylolpropane tris-(3-mercaptopropionate) is incrementally added to tripropylene glycol diacrylate with and without calcium lithol rubine, a red organic pigment, the photopolymerization rate in nitrogen steadily decreases due to a shift in the polymerization mechanism from an acrylate homopolymerization to a thiol-ene copolymerization. However, the photopolymerization rate of pigmented and nonpigmented systems in air significantly increases with increasing thiol concentration, ultimately reaching a maximum at approximately 35 mole percent trifunctional thiol. The increase in rate is due to chain transfer from the non-reactive peroxy radical to the thiol. Thiol groups reduce oxygen inhibition to a greater degree than standard additives such as N-methyldiethanolamine, N-vinyl pyrrolidinone, and thioether containing trifunctional vinyl esters. For a typical acrylate based pigmented photocurable system, greater than 10 wt% photoinitiator is required to achieve a photopolymerization rate equivalent to a comparable thiol-ene system with 1 wt% photoinitiator in air. AFM and colorimetric data indicate that addition of trifunctional thiol has no deleterious effect on pigment dispersion and may in fact increase dispersion quality. (C) 2004 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved

Influence of Hydrogen Bonding on Photopolymerization Rate of Hydroxyalkyl Acrylates

The relationship between the photopolymerization rate of hydroxyalkyl acrylates and their structure has been investigated. The polymerization rates of hydroxyalkyl acrylates are significantly higher than those observed for typical monofunctional acrylate monomers and rival those of multifunctional monomers. By polymerizing at several temperatures, it was shown that the enhanced rates are directly proportional to the degree of hydrogen bonding. Apparently, termination rates are greatly reduced by hydrogen bonding, which is present in both the unpolymerized monomer and the final polymer film

Thiol-ene Photopolymerization Kinetics of Vinyl Acrylate/Multifunctional Thiol Mixtures

The photopolymerization of multifunctional thiol (trimethylolpropane tris(3-mercaptopropionate))/vinyl acrylate mixtures as a function of thiol content in the presence and absence of photoinitiators has been investigated using real-time FTIR, thin-film calorimetry, and 2D-COSY NMR. The addition of a multifunctional thiol to vinyl acrylate significantly enhances the conversion of the vinyl double bonds of vinyl acrylate due to the preferential addition of the thiyl radical to the vinyl group. Two separate free-radical polymerization processes, acrylate homopolymerization and thiol/vinyl ester copolymerization, occur simultaneously in thiol/vinyl acrylate mixtures. Thin-film calorimetry and 2D-COSY NMR results are consistent with real-time FTIR results, giving strong evidence for two simultaneous free-radical processes