Can the Stock Market anticipate Future Operating Performance? Evidence from Equity Rights Issues

This paper examines whether the stock market valuation impact of rights issues is consistent with subsequent operating performance of issuing firms. Analysing a sample of rights issues in the Netherlands, we find that a significant stock price decline takes place with the announcement of rights issues. We then analyse post-rights issue operating performance and find that, consistent with the decline in stock price during the announcement period, issuing firms also exhibit a significant decline in their operating performance. Our analysis thus demonstrates that the stock market can successfully anticipate future changes in operating performance of firms.equity offerings;rights issues;valuation effect;firm performance

On the real effects of private equity investment: evidence from new business creation

Using a comprehensive database of European firms, we study how private equity affects the rate of firm entry. We find that private equity investment benefits new business incorporation, especially in industries with naturally higher entry rates and R&D intensity. A two standard deviation increase in private equity investment explains as much as 5.5% of the variation in entry between high-entry and low-entry industries. We address endogeneity by exploiting data on laws that regulate private equity investments by pension funds. Our results hold when we correct for barriers to entry, general access to credit, protection of intellectual property, and labor regulations. JEL Classification: G24, L26, M13firm entry, private equity, Venture Capital

Does private equity investment spur innovation? Evidence from Europe

We provide the first cross-country evidence of the effect of investment by private equity firms on innovation, focusing on a sample of European countries and using Kortum and Lerner’s (2000) empirical methodology. Using an 18-country panel covering the period 1991-2004, we study how private equity finance affects patent applications and patent grants. We address concerns about causality in several ways, including exploiting variation in laws regulating the investment behaviour of pension funds and insurance companies across countries and over time. We also control for the standard determinants of innovation like R&D, human capital, and patent protection. Our estimates imply that while private equity investment accounts for 8% of aggregate (private equity plus R&D) industrial spending, PE accounts for as much as 12% of industrial innovation. We also present similar evidence from the biotech industry to alleviate concerns that our results are biased by aggregation. JEL Classification: C23, G15, O16innovation, private equity, Venture Capital

Can the stock market anticipate future operating performance? Evidence from equity rights issues

This paper examines whether the stock market valuation impact isconsistent with subsequent operating performance of firms. We use datafor equity rights offerings - the widely adopted flotation method inthe Netherlands. We first examine the stock market announcement effectof rights issues and observe that a statistically significant stockprice decline takes place when companies announce rights issues.Further stock price decline is also observed during the subscriptionperiod. We then analyze post-rights issue operating performance offirms and find that, consistent with the announcement period declinein stock price, rights issuing firms subsequently exhibit astatistically significant decline in their operating performance.Additional investigation of both stock and operating performancedecline provides full support for the information asymmetryhypothesis, partial support for the free cash flow hypothesis but nosupport for the window of opportunity hypothesis.firm performance;equity offerings;rights issues;valuation effect

Industry Valuation Driven Earnings Management

This paper investigates whether industry valuation impacts firms’ earnings management decisions. Existing accounting literature assumes that industry valuation has a constant impact on this decision. We argue that a higher industry valuation increases the perceived benefits of earnings management at a time when the negative consequences associated with accrual reversal and the probability of detection are believed to be lower. Using a sample of quarterly data of U.S. firms from 1985 to 2005, we find that the four-quarter lagged industry valuation has a positive relationship with industry aggregate (current) discretionary accruals. More specific, one standard deviation increase in the aggregate industry valuation is associated with a significant increase of 2.4 cents in quarterly earnings per share. Our results are robust after controlling for several factors, including bubble years, size, leverage and performance.Industry valuation;Earnings management;Market to book ratio

Takeover defenses and IPO firm value in the Netherlands

The central question of this study involves the relation between the use of takeover defenses and IPO firm value. We report that management frequently uses takeover defenses before taking the firm public. The use of takeover defenses is primarily motivated by managerial entrenchment. IPO investors anticipate potential conflict of interests with management and reduce the price they pay for the IPO shares if takeover defenses are adopted. Although managers internalize this cost of takeover defenses to the degree they own pre-IPO stock, they are likely to gain through private control benefits. Non-management pre-IPO owners lose. Their shares are worth less, but different from managers, they do not get offsetting private control benefits. We infer that managers use takeover defenses to protect private control benefits at non-management pre-IPO owners' expense.firm valuation;initial public offering;takeover defense

The Impact of Media Attention on the Use of Alternative Earnings Measures

The practice of reporting earnings measures that deviate from generally accepted accounting principles (non-GAAP measures) has received negative attention in the media. Regulators argue in favour of reporting GAAP earnings measures and utter their concerns that investors may be misled by the use of non-GAAP measures. In a period of increased regulatory concern for these reporting practices, we explore whether there has been a shift away from the use of non-GAAP metrics. We analyse a sample of earnings press releases in the period 1999-2004 from companies listed at Euronext Amsterdam. Our findings indicate that reporting non-GAAP measures is a common practice and that the frequency of reporting non-GAAP earnings measures has increased despite the concerns voiced by regulators. On the other hand, investors seem to have become more hesitant towards the use of alternative earnings measures for their decision-making. Our findings suggest that investors find non-GAAP measures informative before 2003, but they turn away from these measures in the following years and price GAAP earnings metrics instead. Together, these findings suggest that the negative media attention for non-GAAP measures has influenced the perception of investors, but not of managers.Regulation;Event study;Non-GAAP earnings;Information content;Value relevance

Corporate governance mechanisms in IPO firms

This thesis studies the use of corporate governance mechanisms in IPO firms. The IPO often marks the beginning of a more diffuse ownership structure by selling shares to a large group of outside investors. In the thesis corporate governance is viewed as a relevant design issue at the time of the IPO. On the one hand, management may strategically decide to ignore small shareholders' rights and structure corporate governance to its own advantage. This allows management to pursue personal interests that are (possibly) conflicting with those of small shareholders. Alternatively, management may choose to mitigate agency costs by adopting an effective corporate governance structure. In this case, corporate governance is organized to align the interests of management with those of small shareholders. The thesis consists of three studies that examine the use of corporate governance mechanisms by IPO firms in the Netherlands, France and the United Kingdom, respectively.

Private equity and public-to-private transactions

What considerations lie behind the decision to mount a management buy-out of a publicly listed firm, and should third party investors be involved? Indeed, does the involvement of private equity investors actually aid company performance after a deal is done

Royal Ahold: A Failure of Corporate Governance and an Accounting Scandal

Royal Ahold (Koninklijke Ahold NV) was one of the major success stories in the 1990s and is one of the major failures, suffering a complete meltdown, in 2003.We investigate the strategy, accounting transparency and corporate governance of Ahold; elements which jointly drive the firm s performance over this period of time.In general, the corporate governance, accounting transparency, strategy and firm performance relationships are complex.There is not a fully specified model available to address the inter-relationships, including the endogeneity problem.The econometrics are difficult and constrained not only by the lack of a fully specified theory but also by data availability. Our clinical study overcomes these problems by providing an in-depth analysis of the inter-relationships among corporate governance, accounting transparency and strategy that lead to Ahold s downfall.We provide insights into these relationships and their complexity that present theory and empirical studies cannot address.international economics;financial economics;financial reporting;law and economics;corporate governance;regulation