Predicting Soil Salinity with Vis–NIR Spectra after Removing the Effects of Soil Moisture Using External Parameter Orthogonalization

<div><p>Robust models for predicting soil salinity that use visible and near-infrared (vis–NIR) reflectance spectroscopy are needed to better quantify soil salinity in agricultural fields. Currently available models are not sufficiently robust for variable soil moisture contents. Thus, we used external parameter orthogonalization (EPO), which effectively projects spectra onto the subspace orthogonal to unwanted variation, to remove the variations caused by an external factor, e.g., the influences of soil moisture on spectral reflectance. In this study, 570 spectra between 380 and 2400 nm were obtained from soils with various soil moisture contents and salt concentrations in the laboratory; 3 soil types × 10 salt concentrations × 19 soil moisture levels were used. To examine the effectiveness of EPO, we compared the partial least squares regression (PLSR) results established from spectra with and without EPO correction. The EPO method effectively removed the effects of moisture, and the accuracy and robustness of the soil salt contents (SSCs) prediction model, which was built using the EPO-corrected spectra under various soil moisture conditions, were significantly improved relative to the spectra without EPO correction. This study contributes to the removal of soil moisture effects from soil salinity estimations when using vis–NIR reflectance spectroscopy and can assist others in quantifying soil salinity in the future.</p></div

(a) The original reflectance spectra, (b) SNV spectra, (c) EPO spectra and (d) the spectra of the unwanted portion of one sample with the same soil salt content and different soil moisture contents (g g^-1).

<p>(a) The original reflectance spectra, (b) SNV spectra, (c) EPO spectra and (d) the spectra of the unwanted portion of one sample with the same soil salt content and different soil moisture contents (g g^-1).</p

Parameters of the PLSR calibration model.

<p>Parameters of the PLSR calibration model.</p

Original reflectance spectra of the three base soils.

<p>Original reflectance spectra of the three base soils.</p