Multiple linear regression analysis between brain volume changes and Child-Pugh scores and portosystemic shunt scores.

<p>Multiple linear regression results showed negative correlation between Child-Pugh scores and GM volume of the right superior and middle frontal lobe, right superior and middle temporal gyrus, left inferior parietal gyrus. Negative correlation between PS and GM volume of right middle temporal gyrus and positive correlation between PS scores and WM volume in the right internal capsule were found in cirrhotic patients. (<i>P</i><0.01, FDR corrected). GM = gray matter; WM = white matter; R = right; L = left.</p

Seven specific brain glucose metabolic network maps of each gender and their differences.

<p>The left column displays the locations of the ROIs. The middle two columns show the metabolic networks of both genders. The areas with warm color represented positive correlations with the ROIs, and cold color represented negative correlations (<i>r</i>>0.21, corrected <i>p</i><0.05; height threshold of p<0.05, Bonferroni corrected, and extend threshold of <i>p</i><0.001, cluster size >30 voxels). The right column exhibits the main areas of gender differences in brain metabolic networks. The areas with warm color represent increased functional connectivity with each ROI in females than in males; the converse is shown as cold color (corrected <i>p</i><0.05; height threshold of p<0.05, Bonferroni corrected, and extend threshold of <i>p</i><0.001, cluster size > 30 voxels).</p

Gray matter changes in healthy controls and cirrhotic patients with different HE stages.

<p>Compared with healthy controls, cirrhotic patients exhibited decreased volume in many areas of gray matter, the extension of affected gray areas was greater in HE patients than nHE patients. Increased volume in the thualmus were also found, but was associated with HE progression. (<i>P</i><0.01, FDR corrected). OHE = overt hepatic encephalopathy; MHE = minimal hepatic encephalopathy; HC = healthy controls; nHE = non hepatic encephalopathy; R = right; L = left.</p

Regions showing brain volume differences between MHE patients and healthy controls.

<p>Positive sign in the peak T-score represents increase, and negative sign represents decrease in brain volume. All <i>P</i><0.01, FDR corrected.</p><p>GM = gray matter; WM = white matter; MHE  =  minimal hepatic encephalopathy; MNI = Montreal Neurological Institute; BA  =  Brodmann’s area; ACC  =  anterior cingulate cortex.</p

Correlation matrices of 16 ROIs for the females, males and gender differences.

<p>A) Inter-subject correlation matrix of females; B) Inter-subject correlation matrix of males; C) corrected gender differences correlation matrix (females-males) (<i>p</i><0.05, Bonferroni correction). In the Figure A and B, warm colors represent positive correlation between a pair of seeds, cold colors represent negative correlation, and gray color represents no correlation. In the Figure C, warm colors represent higher correlations between a pair of seeds in females than in males, cold colors represent lower correlations, and gray color represents that there is not significant differences between genders.</p

Regions showing brain volume differences between nHE cirrhotic patients and healthy controls.

<p>Positive sign in the peak T-score represents increase, and negative sign represents decrease in brain volume. All <i>P</i><0.01, FDR corrected.</p><p>GM = gray matter; WM = white matter; OHE  =  overt hepatic encephalopathy; MNI = Montreal Neurological Institute; BA  =  Brodmann’s area; ACC  =  anterior cingulate cortex.</p

Regions showing brain volume differences between OHE patients and healthy controls.

<p>Positive sign in the peak T-score represents increase, and negative sign represents decrease in brain volume. All <i>P</i><0.01, FDR corrected.</p><p>GM = gray matter; WM = white matter; HE  =  hepatic encephalopathy; BA  =  Brodmann’s area; MNI = Montreal Neurological Institute; ACC  =  anterior cingulate cortex.</p

The main brain regions of gender differences within nine classic networks.

<p>The main brain regions of gender differences within nine classic networks.</p

The main brain regions of gender differences within seven specific networks.

<p>The main brain regions of gender differences within seven specific networks.</p

Demographics and clinical data of all cirrhotic patients and healthy controls.

<p>Values are expressed as mean ± SD. NCT-A = number connection test type A; DST = digit symbol test; HC  =  healthy control; HE = hepatic encephalopathy; OHE = overt hepatic encephalopathy; MHE = minimal hepatic encephalopathy; nHE = non hepatic encephalopathy; CECT = contrast-enhanced CT; TIPS = transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt.</p>a<p>The <i>P</i> value for gender distribution in the two groups was obtained by Chi-square test.</p>b<p>The <i>P</i> value for age and neuropsychological tests difference between the two groups was obtained by two sample t test.</p