Infinite series models of flux relaxation and vortex penetration constructed at critical points and their unification

The information about the current-carrying ability of a type-II superconductor can be obtained by studying the flux relaxation and vortex penetration phenomena in the superconductor. In early studies, the infinite series models of the flux relaxation and vortex penetration phenomena were constructed at a vanishing current density and vanishing internal field, respectively. However, this is not the only possibility. Here it is shown that one can reconstruct the theoretical models at the critical points. The new polynomial model of the flux relaxation (vortex penetration) phenomenon was constructed by expanding the vortex activation energy as an infinite series of the current density (internal field) about the critical current density (equilibrium internal field). The unification of the polynomial models was proposed. The inverse model of the flux relaxation (vortex penetration) phenomenon was also constructed by expanding the vortex activation energy as an infinite series of the inverse current density (inverse internal field) about the critical current density (equilibrium internal field).Comment: 10 pages, 2 figure

Vortex penetration and flux relaxation with arbitrary initial conditions in non-ideal and ideal superconductors

Vortex penetration and flux relaxation phenomenon carry the information about the pinning ability, and consequently current-carrying ability, of a type-II superconductor. However, the theoretical descriptions to these phenomena are currently limited to the cases with special initial conditions. A generalization to the recently developed infinite series models is presented here. It is shown that one can convert a vortex penetration process with a non-zero initial internal field into a process with a zero initial internal field by introducing some time parameters. Similarly, one can also convert a flux relaxation process starting with an arbitrary internal field into a process starting with a melting internal field by introducing a virtual time interval. Therefore, one can predict the melting internal field (or critical current density) from a flux relaxation process starting with a lower internal field. Finally, it is shown that the vortex penetration process in an ideal superconductor is strongly time dependent because of the surface barrier and internal field repulsive force. But the flux relaxation process does not occur in the ideal superconductor.Comment: 9 pages, 3 figure

Erasing and Correction of Liquid Metal Printed Electronics Made of Gallium Alloy Ink from the Substrate

Gallium-based liquid metals have recently been found important in a variety of newly emerging applications such as room temperature metal 3D printing, direct writing of electronics and biomedicine etc. In all these practices, one frequently encounters the situations that a printed circuit or track needs to be corrected or the unwanted parts of the device should be removed as desired. However, few appropriate strategies are currently available to tackle such important issues at this stage. Here we have identified several low cost ways toward this goal by comparatively investigating three typical strategies spanning from mechanical, chemical, to electrochemical principles, for removing the gallium-based liquid metal circuits or thin films. Regarding the mechanical approach, we constructed an eraser for removing the liquid metal thin films. It was shown that ethanol (CH3CH2OH) could serve as a good candidacy material for the mechanical eraser. In the chemical category, we adopted alkalis and acids to remove the finely printed liquid metal circuits and sodium hydroxide (NaOH) solution was particularly revealed to be rather efficient in making a chemical eraser. In the electrochemical strategy, we applied a 15 V voltage to a liquid metal thin film (covered with water) and successfully removed the target metal part. These methods were comparatively evaluated with each of the merits and shortcomings preliminarily clarified in the end. The present work is expected to be important for the increasing applications of the liquid metal enabled additive manufactures.Comment: 16 pages, 4 figure

Preparation and Application of Starch/Polyvinyl Alcohol/Citric Acid Ternary Blend Antimicrobial Functional Food Packaging Films

Ternary blend films were prepared with different ratios of starch/polyvinyl alcohol (PVA)/citric acid. The films were characterized by field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), thermogravimetric analysis, as well as Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) analysis. The influence of different ratios of starch/polyvinyl alcohol (PVA)/citric acid and different drying times on the performance properties, transparency, tensile strength (TS), water vapor permeability (WVP), water solubility (WS), color difference (ΔE), and antimicrobial activity of the ternary blends films were investigated. The starch/polyvinyl alcohol/citric acid (S/P/C1:1:0, S/P/C3:1:0.08, and S/P/C3:3:0.08) films were all highly transparent. The S/P/C3:3:0.08 had a 54.31 times water-holding capacity of its own weight and its mechanical tensile strength was 46.45 MPa. In addition, its surface had good uniformity and compactness. The S/P/C3:1:0.08 and S/P/C3:3:0.08 showed strong antimicrobial activity to Listeria monocytogenes and Escherichia coli, which were the food-borne pathogenic bacteria used. The freshness test results of fresh figs showed that all of the blends prevented the formation of condensed water on the surface of the film, and the S/P/C3:1:0.08 and S/P/C3:3:0.08 prevented the deterioration of figs during storage. The films can be used as an active food packaging system due to their strong antibacterial effect