Shell Thickness-Dependent Microwave Absorption of Core–Shell Fe₃O₄@C Composites

Core–shell composites, Fe₃O₄@C, with 500 nm Fe₃O₄ microspheres as cores have been successfully prepared through in situ polymerization of phenolic resin on the Fe₃O₄ surface and subsequent high-temperature carbonization. The thickness of carbon shell, from 20 to 70 nm, can be well controlled by modulating the weight ratio of resorcinol and Fe₃O₄ microspheres. Carbothermic reduction has not been triggered at present conditions, thus the crystalline phase and magnetic property of Fe₃O₄ micropsheres can be well preserved during the carbonization process. Although carbon shells display amorphous nature, Raman spectra reveal that the presence of Fe₃O₄ micropsheres can promote their graphitization degree to a certain extent. Coating Fe₃O₄ microspheres with carbon shells will not only increase the complex permittivity but also improve characteristic impedance, leading to multiple relaxation processes in these composites, thus the microwave absorption properties of these composites are greatly enhanced. Very interestingly, a critical thickness of carbon shells leads to an unusual dielectric behavior of the core–shell structure, which endows these composites with strong reflection loss, especially in the high frequency range. By considering good chemical homogeneity and microwave absorption, we believe the as-fabricated Fe₃O₄@C composites can be promising candidates as highly effective microwave absorbers

Constructing Uniform Core–Shell PPy@PANI Composites with Tunable Shell Thickness toward Enhancement in Microwave Absorption

Highly uniform core–shell composites, polypyrrole@polyaniline (PPy@PANI), have been successfully constructed by directing the polymerization of aniline on the surface of PPy microspheres. The thickness of PANI shells, from 30 to 120 nm, can be well controlled by modulating the weight ratio of aniline and PPy microspheres. PPy microspheres with abundant carbonyl groups have very strong affinity to the conjugated chains of PANI, which is responsible for the spontaneous formation of uniform core–shell microstructures. However, the strong affinity between PPy microspheres and PANI shells does not promote the diffusion or reassembly of two kinds of conjugated chains. Coating PPy microspheres with PANI shells increases the complex permittivity and creates the mechanism of interfacial polarization, where the latter plays an important role in increasing the dielectric loss of PPy@PANI composites. With a proper thickness of PANI shells, the moderate dielectric loss will produce well matched characteristic impedance, so that the microwave absorption properties of these composites can be greatly enhanced. Although PPy@PANI composites herein consume the incident electromagnetic wave by absolute dielectric loss, their performances are still superior or comparable to most PANI-based composites ever reported, indicating that they can be taken as a new kind of promising lightweight microwave absorbers. More importantly, microwave absorption of PPy@PANI composites can be simply modulated not only by the thickness of the absorbers, but also the shell thickness to satisfy the applications in different frequency bands