Identification and Bioactivity of 3-<i>epi</i>-Xestoaminol C Isolated from the New Zealand Brown Alga <i>Xiphophora chondrophylla</i>

We report here the bioassay-guided isolation of a new 1-deoxysphingoid, 3-<i>epi</i>-xestoaminol C (<b>1</b>), isolated from the New Zealand brown alga <i>Xiphophora chondrophylla</i>. This is the first report of a 1-deoxysphingoid from a brown alga. We describe the isolation and full structure elucidation of this compound, including its absolute configuration, along with its bioactivity against mycobacteria and mammalian cell lines and preliminary mechanism of action studies using yeast chemical genomics

Mutations detected in the genome of the TASMDR1 isolate that confer resistance to anti-tubercular drugs.

<p>Six mutations that have been associated with anti-tubercular drug resistance were identified. The mutations listed in the <i>rpoB</i>, <i>katG</i>, <i>pncA</i>, and <i>embB</i> genes were classified as high confidence SNPs with respect to resistance to rifampicin, isoniazid, pyrazinamide and ethambutol, respectively, by the PhyResSE database [<a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0192351#pone.0192351.ref012" target="_blank">12</a>]. In addition, an A/C substitution was detected at position 514 of the 16S rRNA gene, <i>rrs</i> (MTB000019) that is associated with streptomycin resistance [<a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0192351#pone.0192351.ref033" target="_blank">33</a>, <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0192351#pone.0192351.ref034" target="_blank">34</a>].</p

Demographic and specimen information for tuberculosis cases (<i>n</i> = 18) in Tasmania from 2014 to 2016.

<p>Demographic variables on the TB cases and specimen types were recorded. Cases were 72.2% male and 27.8% female. The mean TB patient age was 33.6 years (range 0–70 years).</p

Distribution of <i>in silico</i> generated spoligotypes across the culture-positive Tasmanian TB isolates analysed from 2014–2016.

<p>^aThe <i>in silico</i> derived spoligotype of the four Tasmanian Lineage 3 cluster isolates (RHH3, RHH11, RHH13, RHH14) and a fifth Lineage 3 isolate (RHH10) matched Spoligotype International Type 26 of the CAS1_Delhi spoligotyping family which accounted for approximately 50% of Lineage 3 <i>M</i>. <i>tuberculosis</i> isolates in Nepal in a previous analysis [<a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0192351#pone.0192351.ref021" target="_blank">21</a>]. ^bThe <i>in silico</i> derived spoligotype of the <i>M</i>. <i>bovis</i> isolate (TASMB14) matches that of human <i>M</i>. <i>bovis</i> cases that were reported in other Australian states/territories between 1977 and 1989 [<a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0192351#pone.0192351.ref022" target="_blank">22</a>].</p

Phylogenetic relationship of <i>Mycobacterium tuberculosis</i> complex isolates in Tasmania from 2014 to 2016.

<p>TASMB14 and TTB1 constitute isolates of <i>M</i>. <i>bovis</i> and <i>M</i>. <i>bovis</i> BCG, respectively. The Gagneux lineage numbers are indicated for the other isolates. Lineage 2 isolate TASMDR1 is a multi-drug resistant isolate of <i>Mycobacterium tuberculosis</i>. Lineage 3 isolates RHH3, 11, 13 and 14 are identical (zero SNP differences with respect to one another) and form an epidemiological cluster as do Lineage 4 isolates RHH7 and RHH9. The phylogenetic tree was built using PhyML (Generalised Time Reversible substitution model).</p

Relative frequency of <i>Mycobacterium tuberculosis</i> complex (<i>n</i> = 18) isolates in Tasmania from 2014 to 2016.

<p>Relative frequency of <i>Mycobacterium tuberculosis</i> complex (<i>n</i> = 18) isolates in Tasmania from 2014 to 2016.</p