Lenses and waves: Christiaan Huygens and the mathematical science of optics in the seventeenth century

In 1690, Christiaan Huygens (1629-1695) published Traité de la Lumière, containing his renowned wave theory of light. It is considered a landmark in seventeenth-century science, for the way Huygens mathematized the corpuscular nature of light and his probabilistic conception of natural knowledge. This book discusses the development of Huygens' wave theory, reconstructing the winding road that eventually led to Traité de la Lumière. For the first time, the full range of manuscript sources is taken into account. In addition, the development of Huygens' thinking on the nature of light is put in

Additional file 2: of The cost-utility of point-of-care troponin testing to diagnose acute coronary syndrome in primary care

Overview of model assumptions. This file contains an overview of all assumptions that have been used in the health economic analysis (DOCX 18 kb

Angiogenic risk factors in women with severe, very early onset preeclampsia and controls.

<p>Data are expressed in median (interquartile range).</p

Microorganisms grown from positive blood cultures.

*<p>Considered as contaminant. Number between () indicates number of cultures positive with this pathogen.</p

General characteristics of women with severe, very early onset preeclampsia and controls.

<p>Data are expressed as median (interquartile range).</p

Comparison of performance characteristics of the biomarkers and combinations in predicting bacteremia using different cut-off values.

<p>Abbreviations, PPV: positive predictive value, NPV: negative predictive value, NLCR: neutrophil-lymphocyte count ratio, suPAR: soluble urokinase plasminogen activator receptor, PCT: procalcitonin. The 7 patients with contaminated blood cultures were excluded from analyses.</p

Data of study population and results for C-reactive protein (CRP), procalcitonin (PCT), soluble urokinase plasminogen activator receptor (suPAR), and neutrophil-lymphocyte count ratio (NLCR).

<p>Median and range, mean and standard deviation (SD) are displayed. <i>p-</i>value less than 0.05 is statistically significant (Chi-Square and Mann-Whitney <i>U</i> test), area under curve (AUC) is linked to <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0087315#pone-0087315-g001" target="_blank">Figure 1</a>. The 7 patients with contaminated blood cultures were excluded from analyses.</p

Receiver operating characteristic curves of four biomarkers for differentiating bacteremia from non-bacteremia.

<p>C-reactive protein (CRP), neutrophil-lymphocyte count ratio (NLCR), procalcitonin and soluble urokinase plasminogen activator receptor (suPAR) are compared in respect to prediction of positive blood culture.</p

Baseline characteristics upon presentation at the Emergency Department (n = 395).

<p>COPD, chronic pulmonary obstructive disease; Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) was classified using the global initiative for chronic obstructive lung disease classification (GOLD), Hepatic means liver disease related to malignancy, hepatitis, auto-immune liver disease and/or alcoholic liver disease, cardiac means heart disease related to acute coronary syndrome (cardiovascular disease), valvular disease and/or heart failure, renal means renal disease including current renal replacement therapy, cerebrovascular means cerebrovascular disease; n, number; ICU, intensive care unit; data are presented as number (percentage) of patients.</p