Modality is Not Explainable by Essence

Some metaphysicians believe that metaphysical modality is explainable by the essences of objects. In §II, I spell out the definitional view of essence, and in §III, a working notion of metaphysical explanation. Then, in §IV, I consider and reject five natural ways to explain necessity by essence: in terms of the principle that essential properties can't change, in terms of the supposed obviousness of the necessity of essential truth, in terms of the logical necessity of definitions, in terms of Fine's logic of essence, and in terms of the theory of real definitions. I will conclude that the present evidence favours rejecting the hypothesis that modality is explainable by essence

The Complexity Of The NP-Class

This paper presents a novel and straight formulation, and gives a complete insight towards the understanding of the complexity of the problems of the so called NP-Class. In particular, this paper focuses in the Searching of the Optimal Geometrical Structures and the Travelling Salesman Problems. The main results are the polynomial reduction procedure and the solution to the Noted Conjecture of the NP-Class

Applying FRAM to the construction of concrete frame structures

So far the FRAM has been applied to different sectors of high risk and complexity such as aviation, including air traffic control, health care, nuclear power plants, chemical and petrochemical industry, railways, maritime sector... obtaining very positive results, which have led to an improvement in safety management in them. However, its application to the construction sector has not yet been developed in depth. In the European Union, the construction sector is the sector with the highest number of accidents, so safety in construction is a priority. Structures construction is one of the most hazardous construction phases or activities. For this reason, the project "Composite Leading Indicators for the improvement of the resilience of occupational safety, in the activities of design and execution of structures" (BIA2016-79270-P) aims to improve the management and monitoring of occupational safety in these activities using novel vision of Safety II developed by the Resilience Engineering. In this way, the FRAM approach has been applied to know the work-as-done, that is, to identify the adjustments and variability of daily performance. For this purpose, observations and interviews at the place of work have been carried out. With the information collected and the help of the FRAM Model Visualiser (FMV) the functions of the FRAM model have been defined. Thus, the FRAM analysis for the construction of concrete frame structures is presented. Based on these results, leading indicators will be designed to monitor and control these activities adequately in the next phase of the project.Universidad de Málaga. Campus de Excelencia Internacional Andalucía Tech.We wish to thank the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness for financing the project BIA2016-79270-P, of which this study is part. It is also important to acknowledge the Ministry of Education, Culture and Sports of the Government of Spain for it support through the predoctoral program (FPU 2016/03298)

Helictochloa lusitanica. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2018

This species is endemic to northwestern Portugal. It is assessed as Vulnerable based on the very small area of occurrence, approximately 20 km2, although this is likely to be an underestimate, since point records may not available for all subpopulations. This species presents specific habitat requirements (ultrabasic rocky soils) and is not able to colonize other kinds of habitat. It is also subject to ongoing threats like shrub encroachment and threats which may repeat in the future (industrial and road development).This plant requires some level human management like sustainable grazing and further research to confirm current distribution and population trends

La desregulación de la comercialización de electricidad en Inglaterra y Gales

A partir de 1995, las autoridades regulatorias de Reino Unido han comenzado un proceso de introducción de competencia para ventas minoristas de electricidad. Esta política demandó un gran esfuerzo de organización por parte de los agentes de sistema, cuyos costos de lanzamiento se estiman en alrededor de 500 millones de libras. El presente reporte, en primer lugar, describe el programa de apertura llevado a cabo y evalúa los efectos de la apertura sobre el funcionamiento del sector y los niveles de bienestar de distintos estratos sociales de la población. Finalmente, del estudio de la experiencia británica se pueden extraer lecciones para la implementación futura de similares medidas en otros países.desregulación; comercialización de electricidad;