4,544 research outputs found
Gamma Rays from Compton Scattering in the Jets of Microquasars: Application to LS 5039
Recent HESS observations show that microquasars in high-mass systems are
sources of VHE gamma-rays. A leptonic jet model for microquasar gamma-ray
emission is developed. Using the head-on approximation for the Compton cross
section and taking into account angular effects from the star's orbital motion,
we derive expressions to calculate the spectrum of gamma rays when nonthermal
jet electrons Compton-scatter photons of the stellar radiation field.
Calculations are presented for power-law distributions of nonthermal electrons
that are assumed to be isotropically distributed in the comoving jet frame, and
applied to -ray observations of LS 5039. We conclude that (1) the TeV
emission measured with HESS cannot result only from Compton-scattered stellar
radiation (CSSR), but could be synchrotron self-Compton (SSC) emission or a
combination of CSSR and SSC; (2) fitting both the HESS data and the EGRET data
associated with LS 5039 requires a very improbable leptonic model with a very
hard electron spectrum. Because the gamma rays would be variable in a leptonic
jet model, the data sets are unlikely to be representative of a simultaneously
measured gamma-ray spectrum. We therefore attribute EGRET gamma rays primarily
to CSSR emission, and HESS gamma rays to SSC emission. Detection of periodic
modulation of the TeV emission from LS 5039 would favor a leptonic SSC or
cascade hadron origin of the emission in the inner jet, whereas stochastic
variability alone would support a more extended leptonic model. The puzzle of
the EGRET gamma rays from LS 5039 will be quickly solved with GLAST. (Abridged)Comment: 17 pages, 11 figures, ApJ, in press, June 1, 2006, corrected eq.
Galaxy Cluster Pressure Profiles as Determined by Sunyaev Zel'dovich Effect Observations with MUSTANG and Bolocam I: Joint Analysis Technique
We present a technique to constrain galaxy cluster pressure profiles by
jointly fitting Sunyaev-Zel'dovich effect (SZE) data obtained with MUSTANG and
Bolocam for the clusters Abell 1835 and MACS0647. Bolocam and MUSTANG probe
different angular scales and are thus highly complementary. We find that the
addition of the high resolution MUSTANG data can improve constraints on
pressure profile parameters relative to those derived solely from Bolocam. In
Abell 1835 and MACS0647, we find gNFW inner slopes of and , respectively when
and are constrained to 0.86 and 4.67 respectively. The fitted
SZE pressure profiles are in good agreement with X-ray derived pressure
profiles.Comment: 12 pages, 12 figures. Submitted to Ap
Neutrino, Neutron, and Cosmic Ray Production in the External Shock Model of Gamma Ray Bursts
The hypothesis that ultra-high energy (>~ 10^19 eV) cosmic rays (UHECRs) are
accelerated by gamma-ray burst (GRB) blast waves is assumed to be correct.
Implications of this assumption are then derived for the external shock model
of gamma-ray bursts. The evolving synchrotron radiation spectrum in GRB blast
waves provides target photons for the photomeson production of neutrinos and
neutrons. Decay characteristics and radiative efficiencies of the neutral
particles that escape from the blast wave are calculated. The diffuse
high-energy GRB neutrino background and the distribution of high-energy GRB
neutrino events are calculated for specific parameter sets, and a scaling
relation for the photomeson production efficiency in surroundings with
different densities is derived. GRBs provide an intense flux of high-energy
neutrons, with neutron-production efficiencies exceeding ~ 1% of the total
energy release. The radiative characteristics of the neutron beta-decay
electrons from the GRB "neutron bomb" are solved in a special case. Galaxies
with GRB activity should be surrounded by radiation halos of ~ 100 kpc extent
from the outflowing neutrons, consisting of a nonthermal optical/X-ray
synchrotron component and a high-energy gamma-ray component from
Compton-scattered microwave background radiation. The luminosity of sources of
GRBs and relativistic outflows in L* galaxies such as the Milky Way is at the
level of ~10^40+-1 ergs/s. This is sufficient to account for UHECR generation
by GRBs. We briefly speculate on the possibility that hadronic cosmic rays
originate from the subset of supernovae that collapse to form relativistic
outflows and GRBs. (abridged)Comment: 53 pages, 8 figures, ApJ, in press, 574, July 20, 2002. Substantial
revision, previous Appendix expanded to ApJ, 556, 479; cosmic ray origin
speculations to Heidelberg (astro-ph/001054) and Hamburg ICRC
(astro-ph/0202254) proceeding
Swine manure management by hydrothermal carbonization: comparative study of batch and continuous operation
Hydrothermal carbonization (HTC) is considered a promising technology for biomass waste management
without pre-drying. This study explores the potential for swine manure management by comparing batch and
continuous processes, emphasizing the benefits of the continuous mode, particularly for its potential full-scale
application. The continuous process at low temperature (180 ◦C) resulted in a hydrochar with a lower degree
of carbonization compared to the batch process, but similar characteristics were found in both hydrochars at
higher operating temperatures (230–250 ◦C), such as C content (~ 52 wt%), fixed carbon (~ 24 wt%) and higher
calorific value (21 MJ kg− 1
). Thermogravimetric and combustion analyses showed that hydrochars exhibited
characteristics suitable as solid biofuels for industrial use. The process water showed a high content of organic
matter as soluble chemical oxygen demand (7–22 g L− 1
) and total organic carbon (4–10 g L− 1
), although a high
amount of refractory species such as N- and O-containing long aromatic compounds were detected in the process
water from the batch process, while the process water from the continuous process presented more easily
biodegradable compounds such as acids and alcohols, among others. The longer time required to reach operating
temperature in the case of the batch system (longer heating time to reach operating temperature) resulted in
lower H/C and O/C ratios compared to hydrochar from the continuous process. This indicates that the dehydration and decarboxylation reactions of the feedstock play a more important role in the batch process. This
study shows the efficiency of the continuous process to obtain carbonaceous materials suitable for use as biofuel,
providing a solution for swine manure managementAuthors greatly appreciate funding from Spanish MCIN/AEI/
10.13039/501100011033 and European Union "NextGenerationEU/
PRTR" (TED2021-130287B-I00, PDC 2021-120755-I00, and PID 2022-
138632OB-I00) and Grupo Kerbest Company. R.P. Ipiales acknowledges
the financial support from the Community of Madrid (IND2019/AMB17092) and Arquimea Agrotech Compan
High Frequencies of Naive Melan-a/Mart-1–Specific Cd8+ T Cells in a Large Proportion of Human Histocompatibility Leukocyte Antigen (Hla)-A2 Individuals
Using fluorescent HLA-A*0201 tetramers containing the immunodominant Melan-A/MART-1 (Melan-A) tumor-associated antigen (Ag), we previously observed that metastatic lymph nodes of melanoma patients contain high numbers of Ag-experienced Melan-A–specific cytolytic T lymphocytes (CTLs). In this paper, we enumerated and characterized ex vivo Melan-A–specific cells in peripheral blood samples from both melanoma patients and healthy individuals. High frequencies (≥1 in 2,500 CD8+ T cells) of Melan-A–specific cells were found in 10 out of 13 patients, and, surprisingly, in 6 out of 10 healthy individuals. Virtually all Melan-A–specific cells from 6 out of 6 healthy individuals and from 7 out of 10 patients displayed a naive CD45RAhi/RO− phenotype, whereas variable proportions of Ag-experienced CD45RAlo/RO+ Melan-A–specific cells were observed in the remaining 3 patients. In contrast, ex vivo influenza matrix–specific CTLs from all individuals exhibited a CD45RAlo/RO+ memory phenotype as expected. Ag specificity of tetramer-sorted A2/Melan-A+ cells from healthy individuals was confirmed after mitogen-driven expansion. Likewise, functional limiting dilution analysis and interferon γ ELISPOT assays independently confirmed that most of the Melan-A–specific cells were not Ag experienced. Thus, it appears that high frequencies of naive Melan-A–specific CD8+ T cells can be found in a large proportion of HLA-A*0201+ individuals. Furthermore, as demonstrated for one patient followed over time, dramatic phenotype changes of circulating Melan-A–specific cells can occur in vivo
NGC 7582: The Prototype Narrow-Line X-ray Galaxy
NGC 7582 is a candidate prototype of the Narrow Line X-ray Galaxies (NLXGs)
found in deep X-ray surveys. An ASCA observation shows the hard (> 3 keV) X-ray
continuum of NGC 7582 drops 40% in ~6 ks, implying an AGN, while the soft band
(< 3 keV) does not drop in concert with the hard continuum, requiring a
separate component. The X-ray spectrum of NGC 7582 also shows a clear 0.5-2 keV
soft (kT = 0.8 (+0.9,-0.3) keV or Gamma = 2.4 +/- 0.6; L(X) = 6 x 10**40 ergs
s**-1) low--energy component, in addition to a heavily absorbed [N(H) = (6 +/-
2)\times 10**22 cm**-2 ] and variable 2-10 keV power law [Gamma = 0.7
(+0.3,-0.4); L(X) = (1.7-2.3) x 10**42 ergs s**-1]. This is one of the flattest
2-10 keV slopes in any AGN observed with ASCA. (The ROSAT HRI image of NGC 7582
further suggests extent to the SE.)
These observations make it clear that the hard X-ray emission of NGC 7582,
the most "narrow-line" of the NLXGs, is associated with an AGN. The strong
suggestion is that all NLXGs are obscured AGNs, as hypothesized to explain the
X-ray background spectral paradox. The separate soft X-ray component makes NGC
7582 (and by extension other NLXGs) detectable as a ROSAT source.Comment: text: Latex2e 10 pages, including 1 table, and 2 postscript figures
via psfi
Recommended from our members
Genetic fixity in the human major histocompatibility complex and block size diversity in the class I region including HLA-E
BACKGROUND: The definition of human MHC class I haplotypes through association of HLA-A, HLA-Cw and HLA-B has been used to analyze ethnicity, population migrations and disease association. RESULTS: Here, we present HLA-E allele haplotype association and population linkage disequilibrium (LD) analysis within the ~1.3 Mb bounded by HLA-B/Cw and HLA-A to increase the resolution of identified class I haplotypes. Through local breakdown of LD, we inferred ancestral recombination points both upstream and downstream of HLA-E contributing to alternative block structures within previously identified haplotypes. Through single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) analysis of the MHC region, we also confirmed the essential genetic fixity, previously inferred by MHC allele analysis, of three conserved extended haplotypes (CEHs), and we demonstrated that commercially-available SNP analysis can be used in the MHC to help define CEHs and CEH fragments. CONCLUSION: We conclude that to generate high-resolution maps for relating MHC haplotypes to disease susceptibility, both SNP and MHC allele analysis must be conducted as complementary techniques
High-Energy Cosmology: gamma rays and neutrinos from beyond the galaxy
Our knowledge of the high-energy universe is undergoing a period of rapid
change as new astronomical detectors of high-energy radiation start to operate
at their design sensitivities. Now is a boomtime for high-energy astrophysics,
with new discoveries from Swift and HESS, results from MAGIC and VERITAS
starting to be reported, the upcoming launches of the gamma-ray space
telescopes GLAST and AGILE, and anticipated data releases from IceCube and
Auger. A formalism for calculating statistical properties of cosmological
gamma-ray sources is presented. Application is made to model calculations of
the statistical distributions of gamma-ray and neutrino emission from (i)
beamed sources, specifically, long-duration GRBs, blazars, and extagalactic
microquasars, and (ii) unbeamed sources, including normal galaxies, starburst
galaxies and clusters. Expressions for the integrated intensities of faint
beamed and unbeamed high-energy radiation sources are also derived. A toy model
for the background intensity of radiation from dark-matter annihilation taking
place in the early universe is constructed. Estimates for the gamma-ray fluxes
of local group galaxies, starburst, and infrared luminous galaxies are briefly
reviewed. Because the brightest extragalactic gamma-ray sources are flaring
sources, and these are the best targets for sources of PeV -- EeV neutrinos and
ultra-high energy cosmic rays, rapidly slewing all-sky telescopes like MAGIC
and an all-sky gamma-ray observatory beyond Milagro will be crucial for optimal
science return in the multi-messenger age.Comment: 10 pages, 3 figs, accepted for publication in the Barcelona
Conference on Multimessenger Astronomy; corrected eq. 27, revised Fig. 3,
added 2 ref
Galaxy Cluster Pressure Profiles as Determined by Sunyaev Zel’dovich Effect Observations with MUSTANG and Bolocam. II. Joint Analysis of 14 Clusters
We present pressure profiles of galaxy clusters determined from high
resolution Sunyaev-Zel'dovich (SZ) effect observations of fourteen clusters,
which span the redshift range . The procedure simultaneously
fits spherical cluster models to MUSTANG and Bolocam data. In this analysis, we
adopt the generalized NFW parameterization of pressure profiles to produce our
models. Our constraints on ensemble-average pressure profile parameters, in
this study , , and , are consistent with those in
previous studies, but for individual clusters we find discrepancies with the
X-ray derived pressure profiles from the ACCEPT2 database. We investigate
potential sources of these discrepancies, especially cluster geometry, electron
temperature of the intracluster medium, and substructure. We find that the
ensemble mean profile for all clusters in our sample is described by the
parameters: , for cool core clusters: , and for disturbed
clusters: . Four of the fourteen clusters have
clear substructure in our SZ observations, while an additional two clusters
exhibit potential substructure.Comment: 22 pages, 9 figures, accepted to Ap
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