Solid-state cultures of Fusarium oxysporum transform aromatic components of olive-mill dry residue and reduce its phytotoxicity

The present study mainly investigated the ability of solid-state cultures of the non-pathogenic Fusarium oxysporum strain BAFC 738 to transform aromatic components to reduce the phytotoxicity in olive-mill dry residue (DOR), the waste from the two-phase manufacturing process. Lignin, hemicellulose, fats and water-soluble extractives contents of DOR colonized by the fungus for 20 weeks were reduced by 16%, 25%, 71% and 13%, respectively, while the cellulose content increased by 25%. In addition, the ethyl acetate-extractable phenolic fraction of the waste was reduced by 65%. However, mass-balance ultra-Wltration and size-exclusion chromatography experiments suggested that the apparent removal of that fraction, mainly including 2-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)ethyl alcohol and 2-(4-hydroxyphenyl) ethyl alcohol, was due to polymerization. Mn-peroxidase and Mn-independent peroxidase activities were found in F. oxysporum solid-state cultures, while laccase and aryl alcohol oxidase activities were not detected. Tests performed with seedlings of tomato (Lycopersicum esculentum L.), soybean (Glycine maximum Merr.), and alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) grown on soils containing 6% (w/w) of bioconverted DOR (kg soil)¡1 showed that the waste’s phytotoxicity was removed by 20 weeks-old fungal cultures. By contrast, the same material exhibited a high residual toxicity towards lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.).L'articolo é disponibile sul sito dell'editore: http://www.sciencedirect.co

Estrés en ganado: causas y consecuencias

En los últimos años se está dando una importancia creciente a las normas sobre bienestar animal debido a la confluencia de varios factores, como el mayor conocimiento en distintas disciplinas relacionadas con los animales de producción (el comportamiento animal, la fisiología del estrés y el manejo correcto de los animales), la relación directa entre estos conocimientos y los niveles de producción estables y competitivos a mediano y largo plazo y una mayor concientización social sobre las necesidades de los animales, así como el rechazo hacia los abusos De esta forma, una vez superadas las necesidades de incremento en el abastecimiento de productos, se han empezado a fijar otros parámetros para cumplir con las demandas sociales en el ámbito de la producción ganadera, uno de esos parámetros, cada día más importante, es el bienestar animal. En esta revisión se intenta destacar la importancia del bienestar de los animales, tanto por la calidad de vida de los mismos, como por su impacto sobre la producción ganadera. Se exponen los principales factores generadores de estrés en ganado, así como los efectos fisiológicos y sus impactos negativos sobre la producción. En vías de brindar una mejor vida al animal y aumentar la calidad del producto, cada vez más países y consumidores imponen exigencias legales y reglamentarias que determinan estándares de bienestar para el manejo animal. Es por todo esto que el bienestar animal adquiere cada vez mayor relevancia en todo el mundo. América Latina se encuentra actualmente atravesando un proceso de adaptación a los nuevos requerimientos internacionales

Risk-Efficiency Assessment of Haying

Pastoral livestock farms are complex, dynamic systems subject to many forms of external disturbance. Farm Management strategies are therefore typically designed to minimize system variation. The objective of this study was to explore the impacts of different haying policies, in terms of expected profit and risk, for cow-calf farms in the Salado Region of Argentina

Avaliação dos impactos ambientais e econômicos do controle químico do percevejo-barriga-verde (Dichelops melacanthus) em trigo e milho safrinha.

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Critical wetting of a class of nonequilibrium interfaces: A mean-field picture

A self-consistent mean-field method is used to study critical wetting transitions under nonequilibrium conditions by analyzing Kardar-Parisi-Zhang (KPZ) interfaces in the presence of a bounding substrate. In the case of positive KPZ nonlinearity a single (Gaussian) regime is found. On the contrary, interfaces corresponding to negative nonlinearities lead to three different regimes of critical behavior for the surface order-parameter: (i) a trivial Gaussian regime, (ii) a weak-fluctuation regime with a trivially located critical point and nontrivial exponents, and (iii) a highly non-trivial strong-fluctuation regime, for which we provide a full solution by finding the zeros of parabolic-cylinder functions. These analytical results are also verified by solving numerically the self-consistent equation in each case. Analogies with and differences from equilibrium critical wetting as well as nonequilibrium complete wetting are also discussed.Comment: 11 pages, 2 figure

Susceptibilidad de los búfalos de agua frente a diferentes enfermedades infecciosas

In Argentina, water buffalos represents an important economic alternative in livestock breeding. They are used mostly in the production of meat and milk. This species is closely related to cattle because there is currently a large number of mixed buffalo-bovine production fields in our country. It has been shown that buffaloes, despite their resistance to diseases, are susceptible to a large part of the viruses that affect the bovine herd. The objective of this review is to highlight the importance of the role of the buffalo in the world and in Argentina, the susceptibility of buffalo cattle to different infectious diseases, mainly viral and the role as a reservoir of pathogens of other species.En Argentina, los búfalos de agua representan una alternativa económica importante en la cría de ganado. Tales animales se emplean mayormente en la producción de carne y leche. La especie se encuentra estrechamente relacionada al ganado bovino, existiendo en la actualidad una amplia cantidad de campos de producción mixta búfalo-bovino en nuestro país. Se ha demostrado que el ganado bubalino, a pesar de su resistencia a las enfermedades, es susceptible a gran parte de los virus que afectan al rodeo bovino. El objetivo de esta revisión es relevar la importancia del rol del búfalo en el mundo en general y en Argentina en particular, así como destacar la susceptibilidad del ganado bubalino a diferentes enfermedades infecciosas, particularmente virales, enfatizando su rol como reservorio de gérmenes patógenos de otras especies

Microwave neural processing and broadcasting with spintronic nano-oscillators

Can we build small neuromorphic chips capable of training deep networks with billions of parameters? This challenge requires hardware neurons and synapses with nanometric dimensions, which can be individually tuned, and densely connected. While nanosynaptic devices have been pursued actively in recent years, much less has been done on nanoscale artificial neurons. In this paper, we show that spintronic nano-oscillators are promising to implement analog hardware neurons that can be densely interconnected through electromagnetic signals. We show how spintronic oscillators maps the requirements of artificial neurons. We then show experimentally how an ensemble of four coupled oscillators can learn to classify all twelve American vowels, realizing the most complicated tasks performed by nanoscale neurons

Zero-Shot Hashing via Transferring Supervised Knowledge

Hashing has shown its efficiency and effectiveness in facilitating large-scale multimedia applications. Supervised knowledge e.g. semantic labels or pair-wise relationship) associated to data is capable of significantly improving the quality of hash codes and hash functions. However, confronted with the rapid growth of newly-emerging concepts and multimedia data on the Web, existing supervised hashing approaches may easily suffer from the scarcity and validity of supervised information due to the expensive cost of manual labelling. In this paper, we propose a novel hashing scheme, termed \emph{zero-shot hashing} (ZSH), which compresses images of "unseen" categories to binary codes with hash functions learned from limited training data of "seen" categories. Specifically, we project independent data labels i.e. 0/1-form label vectors) into semantic embedding space, where semantic relationships among all the labels can be precisely characterized and thus seen supervised knowledge can be transferred to unseen classes. Moreover, in order to cope with the semantic shift problem, we rotate the embedded space to more suitably align the embedded semantics with the low-level visual feature space, thereby alleviating the influence of semantic gap. In the meantime, to exert positive effects on learning high-quality hash functions, we further propose to preserve local structural property and discrete nature in binary codes. Besides, we develop an efficient alternating algorithm to solve the ZSH model. Extensive experiments conducted on various real-life datasets show the superior zero-shot image retrieval performance of ZSH as compared to several state-of-the-art hashing methods.Comment: 11 page