Mecanismo de evolução do estado: abordagem do sistema

The article describes and analyzes in detail the state evolution mechanism. The authors show that many different theories and doctrines, various schemes for typologizing the evolutionary forms of the state have been developed over the long history of the existence of legal, philosophical and political sciences. The work content includes the discussion of the difficulties of developing rigorous theories of the evolution of state forms associated with the complexity and ambiguity of particular historical processes of state formation and development.The authors distinguish and consider the evolutionary features of the modern state, justify that the modern state as a historical type possesses a number of features that are not inherent (or partially inherent) in both the traditional and the proto-modern state, which form its evolutionary features, specificity of functioning and evolutionary transformation. In addition, the article identifies and analyzes four main innovative stages in the political and legal institutionalization of modern political domination: civil state, rule-of-law state, democratic rule-of-law state and social rule-of-law state.El artículo describe y analiza en detalle el mecanismo de evolución del estado. Los autores muestran que muchas teorías y doctrinas diferentes, varios esquemas para tipificar las formas evolutivas del estado se han desarrollado a lo largo de la historia en la existencia de las ciencias jurídicas, filosóficas y políticas. El contenido del trabajo incluye la discusión de las dificultades para desarrollar teorías rigurosas sobre la evolución de las formas estatales asociadas con la complejidad y la ambigüedad de procesos históricos particulares de formación y desarrollo estatal.Los autores distinguen y consideran las características evolutivas del estado moderno, justifican que el estado moderno como un tipo histórico posee una serie de características que no son inherentes (o inherentes solo en parte) tanto en el estado tradicional como en el proto-moderno, que forman sus características evolutivas, especificidad de funcionamiento y transformación evolutiva. Además, el artículo identifica y analiza cuatro etapas innovadoras principales en la institucionalización política y legal de la dominación política moderna: estado civil, estado de derecho, estado de derecho democrático y estado de derecho social.O artigo descreve e analisa em detalhes o mecanismo de evolução do estado. Os autores mostram que muitas teorias e doutrinas diferentes, vários esquemas para tipificar as formas evolutivas do estado se desenvolveram ao longo da longa história da existência das ciências jurídicas, filosóficas e políticas. O conteúdo do trabalho inclui a discussão das dificuldades em desenvolver teorias rigorosas sobre a evolução das formas de estado associadas à complexidade e ambiguidade de processos históricos particulares de formação e desenvolvimento do Estado.Os autores distinguir e considerar as características evolutivas do Estado moderno, justificar o Estado moderno como um tipo histórica tem uma série de características que não são inerentes (ou inerente apenas em parte), tanto no status tradicional como o proto-moderno, que eles formam suas características evolutivas, especificidade funcional e transformação evolutiva. Além disso, o artigo identifica e analisa quatro principais etapas inovadoras na institucionalização política e jurídica da dominação política moderna: estado civil, estado de direito, estado democrático de direito e estado de direito social

Práticas formais, informais e de poder sombra no espaço político contemporâneo

The present paper considers various forms and practices of power-related interaction in the political system of modern society. It is noted that the institutional-normative and structural-functional aspects do not reflect the variety of forms and types of communication between public and power. The authors substantiate the methodological position according to which the activity of political subjects should not be considered in traditional theoretical and methodological coordinates, where attention is paid only to "positive phenomena", and power communication is not analyzed from the standpoint of "negative structures", i. e. those aspects which are not recognized as being fit into the dominant type of political and legal activity, into the framework of the emerging social order as a whole. The formal, informal, shadow and other power practices that exist in today's political space are considered in the work from this position.El presente trabajo considera diversas formas y prácticas de interacción relacionada con el poder en el sistema político de la sociedad moderna. Se observa que los aspectos institucional-normativos y estructural-funcionales no reflejan la variedad de formas y tipos de comunicación entre el público y el poder. Los autores corroboran la posición metodológica según la cual la actividad de los sujetos políticos no debe considerarse en las coordenadas teóricas y metodológicas tradicionales, donde la atención se centra únicamente en los "fenómenos positivos" y la comunicación de poder no se analiza desde el punto de vista de las "estructuras negativas", aquellos aspectos que no se reconocen como adecuados para el tipo dominante de actividad política y legal, en el marco del orden social emergente como un todo. Las prácticas formales, informales, de sombra y otras prácticas de poder que existen en el espacio político actual se consideran en el trabajo desde esta posición.O presente trabalho considera diversas formas e práticas de interação relacionadas ao poder no sistema político da sociedade moderna. Observa-se que os aspectos institucionais-normativos e estruturais-funcionais não refletem a variedade de formas e tipos de comunicação entre o público e o poder. Os autores confirmam a posição metodológica que a atividade de sujeitos políticos não deve ser considerada em coordenadas teóricas e metodológicas tradicionais, onde o foco é apenas sobre os "desenvolvimentos positivos" e comunicação de poder não é analisado do ponto de vista das "estruturas negativas", aqueles aspectos que não são reconhecidos como adequados ao tipo dominante de atividade política e legal, no contexto da ordem social emergente como um todo. As práticas formais, informais, sombra e outras práticas de poder que existem no espaço político atual são consideradas no trabalho a partir desta posição

Monocyte differentiation and macrophage polarization

Circulating monocytes are recruited to tissues, where they differentiate to macrophages and take part in the inflammation process or tissue remodeling. According to the traditional concept, macrophages are classified into pro-inflammatory (M1), non-activated (M0) or anti-inflammatory (M2) subsets that play distinct roles in the initiation and resolution of inflammation. This heterogeneity exists already at the monocyte level since monocytes can also belong to pro- or anti-inflammatory phenotypes. Growth factors, such as granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) and M-CSF play a principal role in their activation: GM-CSF drives the differentiation of “pro-inflammatory” monocytes to M1 macrophages, while M-CSF regulates differentiation of the “anti-inflammatory” subset of monocytes to M0 macrophages that have M2-like phenotypic and functional properties. More recent experimental findings led to a substantial update of monocyte-macrophage nomenclature to include the nature of the polarizing signal. In response to pro-inflammatory stimuli, monocytes can be directly polarized into 3 subsets of macrophages with the pro-inflammatory M1-like phenotype; with macrophages induced by interferon-γ having the strongest pro-inflammatory properties. When exposed to various anti-inflammatory stimuli, monocytes can differentiate to at least 5 subsets of M2-like macrophages. Of those, a subset generated under exposure to IL-4 (IL-13) has the most typical M2-like characteristics. Both in humans and in mice, monocyte-to-macrophage differentiation involves global transcriptome changes that are tightly controlled by various transcriptional regulators and signaling mechanisms. In this review, we discuss monocyte-macrophage heterogeneity and signaling pathways regulating the differentiation at transcription level

Measurement of the production cross section of prompt Ξ0c baryons in p–Pb collisions at √sNN = 5.02 TeV

The transverse momentum (pT) differential production cross section of the promptly-produced charm-strange baryon Ξ0c (and its charge conjugate Ξ0c¯¯¯¯¯¯) is measured at midrapidity via its hadronic decay into π+Ξ− in p−Pb collisions at a centre-of-mass energy per nucleon−nucleon collision sNN−−−√ = 5.02 TeV with the ALICE detector at the LHC. The Ξ0c nuclear modification factor (RpPb), calculated from the cross sections in pp and p−Pb collisions, is presented and compared with the RpPb of Λ+c baryons. The ratios between the pT-differential production cross section of Ξ0c baryons and those of D0 mesons and Λ+c baryons are also reported and compared with results at forward and backward rapidity from the LHCb Collaboration. The measurements of the production cross section of prompt Ξ0c baryons are compared with a model based on perturbative QCD calculations of charm-quark production cross sections, which includes only cold nuclear matter effects in p−Pb collisions, and underestimates the measurement by a factor of about 50. This discrepancy is reduced when the data is compared with a model in which hadronisation is implemented via quark coalescence. The pT-integrated cross section of prompt Ξ0c-baryon production at midrapidity extrapolated down to pT = 0 is also reported. These measurements offer insights and constraints for theoretical calculations of the hadronisation process. Additionally, they provide inputs for the calculation of the charm production cross section in p−Pb collisions at midrapidity

Measurement of Ω0c baryon production and branching-fraction ratio BR(Ω0c → Ω−e+νe)/BR(Ω0c → Ω−π+) in pp collisions at √s = 13 TeV

The inclusive production of the charm-strange baryon Ω0c is measured for the first time via its semileptonic decay into Ω−e+νe at midrapidity (|y| < 0.8) in proton–proton (pp) collisions at the centre-of-mass energy √s = 13 TeV with the ALICE detector at the LHC. The transverse momentum (pT) differential cross section multiplied by the branching ratio is presented in the interval 2 < pT < 12 GeV/c. The branching-fraction ratio BR(Ω0c → Ω−e+νe)/BR(Ω0c → Ω−π+) is measured to be 1.12 ± 0.22 (stat.) ± 0.27 (syst.). Comparisons with other experimental measurements, as well as with theoretical calculations, are presented

Measurement of the impact-parameter dependent azimuthal anisotropy in coherent ρ0 photoproduction in Pb–Pb collisions at √sNN = 5.02 TeV

The first measurement of the impact-parameter dependent angular anisotropy in the decay of coherently photoproduced ρ0 mesons is presented. The ρ0 mesons are reconstructed through their decay into a pion pair. The measured anisotropy corresponds to the amplitude of the cos(2ϕ) modulation, where ϕ is the angle between the two vectors formed by the sum and the difference of the transverse momenta of the pions, respectively. The measurement was performed by the ALICE Collaboration at the LHC using data from ultraperipheral Pb−Pb collisions at a center-of-mass energy of sNN−−−√ = 5.02 TeV per nucleon pair. Different impact-parameter regions are selected by classifying the events in nuclear-breakup classes. The amplitude of the cos(2ϕ) modulation is found to increase by about one order of magnitude from large to small impact parameters. Theoretical calculations, which describe the measurement, explain the cos(2ϕ) anisotropy as the result of a quantum interference effect at the femtometer scale that arises from the ambiguity as to which of the nuclei is the source of the photon in the interaction

K∗(892)± resonance production in Pb−Pb collisions at √sNN = 5.02 TeV

The production of K∗(892)± meson resonance is measured at midrapidity (|y|8 GeV/c, consistent with measurements for other light-flavored hadrons. The smallest values are observed in most central collisions, indicating larger energy loss of partons traversing the dense medium

Measurement of the production and elliptic flow of (anti)nuclei in Xe–Xe collisions at √sNN = 5.44 TeV

Measurements of (anti)deuteron and (anti)3He production in the rapidity range |y|< 0.5 as a function of the transverse momentum and event multiplicity in Xe−Xe collisions at a center-of-mass energy per nucleon−nucleon pair of sNN−−−√ = 5.44 TeV are presented. The coalescence parameters B2 and B3 are measured as a function of the transverse momentum per nucleon. The ratios between (anti)deuteron and (anti)3He yields and those of (anti)protons and pions are reported as a function of the mean charged-particle multiplicity density, and compared with two implementations of the statistical hadronization model (SHM) and with coalescence predictions. The elliptic flow of (anti)deuterons is measured for the first time in Xe−Xe collisions and shows features similar to those already observed in Pb−Pb collisions, i.e., the mass ordering at low transverse momentum and the meson−baryon grouping at intermediate transverse momentum. The production of nuclei is particularly sensitive to the chemical freeze-out temperature of the system created in the collision, which is extracted from a grand-canonical-ensemble-based thermal fit, performed for the first time including light nuclei along with light-flavor hadrons in Xe−Xe collisions. The extracted chemical freeze-out temperature Tchem = (154.2 ± 1.1) MeV in Xe−Xe collisions is similar to that observed in Pb−Pb collisions and close to the crossover temperature predicted by lattice QCD calculations