14 research outputs found
Efficient Synthesis of Nicotinamide-1-<sup>15</sup>N for Ultrafast NMR Hyperpolarization Using Parahydrogen
Nicotinamide (a vitamin B<sub>3</sub> amide) is one of the key
vitamins as well as a drug for treatment of M. tuberculosis, HIV, cancer, and other diseases. Here, an improved Zincke reaction
methodology is presented allowing for straightforward and scalable
synthesis of nicotinamide-1-<sup>15</sup>N with an excellent isotopic
purity (98%) and good yield (55%). <sup>15</sup>N nuclear spin label
in nicotinamide-1-<sup>15</sup>N can be NMR hyperpolarized in seconds
using parahydrogen gas. NMR hyperpolarization using the process of
temporary conjugation between parahydrogen and to-be-hyperpolarized
biomolecule on hexacoordinate iridium complex via the Signal Amplification
By Reversible Exchange (SABRE) method significantly increases detection
sensitivity (e.g., >20āÆ000-fold for nicotinamide-1-<sup>15</sup>N at 9.4 T) as has been shown by Theis T. et al. (<i>J. Am.
Chem. Soc.</i> <b>2015</b>, <i>137</i>, 1404),
and hyperpolarized in this fashion, nicotinamide-1-<sup>15</sup>N
can be potentially used to probe metabolic processes in vivo in future
studies. Moreover, the presented synthetic methodology utilizes mild
reaction conditions, and therefore can also be potentially applied
to synthesis of a wide range of <sup>15</sup>N-enriched N-heterocycles
that can be used as hyperpolarized contrast agents for future in vivo
molecular imaging studies
Parahydrogen Induced Polarization of 1-<sup>13</sup>CāPhospholactateā<i>d</i><sub>2</sub> for Biomedical Imaging with >30,000,000-fold NMR Signal Enhancement in Water
The synthetic protocol for preparation
of 1-<sup>13</sup>C-phosphoenolpyruvate-<i>d</i><sub>2</sub>, precursor for parahydrogen-induced polarization
(PHIP) of 1-<sup>13</sup>C-phospholactate-<i>d</i><sub>2</sub>, is reported. <sup>13</sup>C nuclear spin polarization of 1-<sup>13</sup>C-phospholactate-<i>d</i><sub>2</sub> was increased
by >30,000,000-fold (5.75 mT) in water. The reported <sup>13</sup>C polarization level approaching unity (>15.6%), long lifetime
of <sup>13</sup>C hyperpolarized 1-<sup>13</sup>C-phospholactate-<i>d</i><sub>2</sub> (58 Ā± 4 s versus 36 Ā± 2 s for nondeuterated
form at 47.5 mT), and large production quantities (52 Ī¼moles
in 3 mL) in aqueous medium make this compound useful as a potential
contrast agent for the molecular imaging of metabolism and other applications
Synthesis of Unsaturated Precursors for Parahydrogen-Induced Polarization and Molecular Imaging of 1-<sup>13</sup>CāAcetates and 1-<sup>13</sup>CāPyruvates via Side Arm Hydrogenation
Hyperpolarized forms of 1-<sup>13</sup>C-acetates and 1-<sup>13</sup>C-pyruvates are used as diagnostic
contrast agents for molecular
imaging of many diseases and disorders. Here, we report the synthetic
preparation of 1-<sup>13</sup>C isotopically enriched and pure from
solvent acetates and pyruvates derivatized with unsaturated ester
moiety. The reported unsaturated precursors can be employed for NMR
hyperpolarization of 1-<sup>13</sup>C-acetates and 1-<sup>13</sup>C-pyruvates via parahydrogen-induced polarization (PHIP). In this
PHIP variant, Side arm hydrogenation (SAH) of unsaturated ester moiety
is followed by the polarization transfer from nascent parahydrogen
protons to <sup>13</sup>C nucleus via magnetic field cycling procedure
to achieve hyperpolarization of <sup>13</sup>C nuclear spins. This
work reports the synthesis of PHIP-SAH precursors: vinyl 1-<sup>13</sup>C-acetate (55% yield), allyl 1-<sup>13</sup>C-acetate (70% yield),
propargyl 1-<sup>13</sup>C-acetate (45% yield), allyl 1-<sup>13</sup>C-pyruvate (60% yield), and propargyl 1-<sup>13</sup>C-pyruvate (35%
yield). Feasibility of PHIP-SAH <sup>13</sup>C hyperpolarization was
verified by <sup>13</sup>C NMR spectroscopy: hyperpolarized allyl
1-<sup>13</sup>C-pyruvate was produced from propargyl 1-<sup>13</sup>C-pyruvate with <sup>13</sup>C polarization of ā¼3.2% in CD<sub>3</sub>OD and ā¼0.7% in D<sub>2</sub>O. <sup>13</sup>C magnetic
resonance imaging is demonstrated with hyperpolarized 1-<sup>13</sup>C-pyruvate in aqueous medium
Open-Source Automated Parahydrogen Hyperpolarizer for Molecular Imaging Using <sup>13</sup>C Metabolic Contrast Agents
An
open-source hyperpolarizer producing <sup>13</sup>C hyperpolarized
contrast agents using parahydrogen induced polarization (PHIP) for
biomedical and other applications is presented. This PHIP hyperpolarizer
utilizes an Arduino microcontroller in conjunction with a readily
modified graphical user interface written in the open-source processing
software environment to completely control the PHIP hyperpolarization
process including remotely triggering an NMR spectrometer for efficient
production of payloads of hyperpolarized contrast agent and <i>in situ</i> quality assurance of the produced hyperpolarization.
Key advantages of this hyperpolarizer include: (i) use of open-source
software and hardware seamlessly allowing for replication and further
improvement as well as readily customizable integration with other
NMR spectrometers or MRI scanners (i.e., this is a multiplatform design),
(ii) relatively low cost and robustness, and (iii) <i>in situ</i> detection capability and complete automation. The device performance
is demonstrated by production of a dose (ā¼2ā3 mL) of
hyperpolarized <sup>13</sup>C-succinate with %<i>P</i><sub>13C</sub> ā¼ 28% and 30 mM concentration and <sup>13</sup>C-phospholactate
at %<i>P</i><sub>13C</sub> ā¼ 15% and 25 mM concentration
in aqueous medium. These contrast agents are used for ultrafast molecular
imaging and spectroscopy at 4.7 and 0.0475 T. In particular, the conversion
of hyperpolarized <sup>13</sup>C-phospholactate to <sup>13</sup>C-lactate <i>in vivo</i> is used here to demonstrate the feasibility of ultrafast
multislice <sup>13</sup>C MRI after tail vein injection of hyperpolarized <sup>13</sup>C-phospholactate in mice
Over 20% <sup>15</sup>N Hyperpolarization in Under One Minute for Metronidazole, an Antibiotic and Hypoxia Probe
Direct NMR hyperpolarization
of naturally abundant <sup>15</sup>N sites in metroĀnidĀazole
is demonstrated using SABRE-SHEATH
(Signal Amplification by Reversible Exchange in SHield Enables Alignment
Transfer to Heteronuclei). In only a few tens of seconds, nuclear
spin polarization <i>P</i><sub><sup>15</sup>N</sub> of up
to ā¼24% is achieved using parahydrogen with 80% <i>para</i> fraction corresponding to <i>P</i><sub><sup>15</sup>N</sub> ā 32% if ā¼100% parahydrogen were employed (which would
translate to a signal enhancement of ā¼0.1-million-fold at 9.4
T). In addition to this demonstration on the directly binding <sup>15</sup>N site (using <i>J</i><sup>2</sup><sub>Hā<sup>15</sup>N</sub>), we also hyperpolarized more distant <sup>15</sup>N sites in metroĀnidĀazole using longer-range spināspin
couplings (<i>J</i><sup>4</sup><sub>Hā<sup>15</sup>N</sub> and <i>J</i><sup>5</sup><sub>Hā<sup>15</sup>N</sub>). Taken together, these results significantly expand the
range of molecular structures and sites amenable to hyperpolarization
via low-cost parahydrogen-based methods. In particular, hyperpolarized
nitroĀimidĀazole and its derivatives have powerful potential
applications such as direct <i>in vivo</i> imaging of mechanisms
of action or hypoxia sensing
NMR SLIC Sensing of Hydrogenation Reactions Using Parahydrogen in Low Magnetic Fields
Parahydrogen-induced
polarization (PHIP) is an NMR hyperpolarization
technique that increases nuclear spin polarization by orders of magnitude,
and it is particularly well-suited to study hydrogenation reactions.
However, the use of high-field NMR spectroscopy is not always possible,
especially in the context of potential industrial-scale reactor applications.
On the other hand, the direct low-field NMR detection of reaction
products with enhanced nuclear spin polarization is challenging due
to near complete signal cancellation from nascent parahydrogen protons.
We show that hydrogenation products prepared by PHIP can be irradiated
with weak (on the order of spināspin couplings of a few hertz)
alternating magnetic field (called Spin-Lock Induced Crossing or SLIC)
and consequently efficiently detected at low magnetic field (e.g.,
0.05 T used here) using examples of several types of organic molecules
containing a vinyl moiety. The detected hyperpolarized signals from
several reaction products at tens of millimolar concentrations were
enhanced by 10000-fold, producing NMR signals an order of magnitude
greater than the background signal from protonated solvents
Facile Removal of Homogeneous SABRE Catalysts for Purifying Hyperpolarized Metronidazole, a Potential Hypoxia Sensor
Here, we report a
simple and effective method to remove IrIMes
homogeneous polarization transfer catalysts from solutions where NMR
signal amplification by reversible exchange (SABRE) has been performed,
while leaving intact the substrateās hyperpolarized state.
Following microtesla SABRE hyperpolarization of <sup>15</sup>N spins
in metronidazole, addition of SiO<sub>2</sub> microparticles functionalized
with 3-mercaptopropyl or 2-mercaptoethyl ethyl sulfide moieties provides
removal of the catalyst from solution well within the hyperpolarization
decay time at 0.3 T (<i>T</i><sub>1</sub> > 3 min) and
enabling
transfer to 9.4 T for detection of enhanced <sup>15</sup>N signals
in the absence of catalyst within the NMR detection region. Successful
catalyst removal from solution is supported by the inability to ārehyperpolarizeā <sup>15</sup>N spins in subsequent attempts, as well as by <sup>1</sup>H NMR and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. Record-high <sup>15</sup>N nuclear polarization of up to ā¼34% was achieved,
corresponding to >100ā000-fold enhancement at 9.4 T (or
>320,000-fold
enhancement at 3.0 T), and approximately 5/6th of the <sup>15</sup>N hyperpolarization is retained after ā¼20 s long purification
procedure. Taken together, these results help pave the way for future
studies, involving in vivo molecular imaging using agents hyperpolarized
via rapid and inexpensive parahydrogen-based methods
<sup>15</sup>N Hyperpolarization by Reversible Exchange Using SABRE-SHEATH
NMR signal amplification by reversible
exchange (SABRE) is a NMR
hyperpolarization technique that enables nuclear spin polarization
enhancement of molecules via concurrent chemical exchange of a target
substrate and parahydrogen (the source of spin order) on an iridium
catalyst. Recently, we demonstrated that conducting SABRE in microtesla
fields provided by a magnetic shield enables up to 10% <sup>15</sup>N-polarization (Theis, T.; et al. <i>J. Am.
Chem. Soc.</i> <b>2015</b>, <i>137</i>, 1404). Hyperpolarization on <sup>15</sup>N (and heteronuclei in general)
may be advantageous because of the long-lived nature of the hyperpolarization
on <sup>15</sup>N relative to the short-lived hyperpolarization of
protons conventionally hyperpolarized by SABRE, in addition to wider
chemical shift dispersion and absence of background signal. Here we
show that these unprecedented polarization levels enable <sup>15</sup>N magnetic resonance imaging. We also present a theoretical model
for the hyperpolarization transfer to heteronuclei, and detail key
parameters that should be optimized for efficient <sup>15</sup>N-hyperpolarization.
The effects of parahydrogen pressure, flow rate, sample temperature,
catalyst-to-substrate ratio, relaxation time (<i>T</i><sub>1</sub>), and reversible oxygen quenching are studied on a test system
of <sup>15</sup>N-pyridine in methanol-<i>d</i><sub>4</sub>. Moreover, we demonstrate the first proof-of-principle <sup>13</sup>C-hyperpolarization using this method. This simple hyperpolarization
scheme only requires access to parahydrogen and a magnetic shield,
and it provides large enough signal gains to enable one of the first <sup>15</sup>N images (2 Ć 2 mm<sup>2</sup> resolution). Importantly,
this method enables hyperpolarization of molecular sites with NMR <i>T</i><sub>1</sub> relaxation times suitable for biomedical imaging
and spectroscopy
Rational Design of Novel Pyridinol-Fused Ring Acetaminophen Analogues
Acetaminophen (ApAP) is an electron
donor capable of reducing radicals
generated by redox cycling of hemeproteins. It acts on the prostaglandin
H synthases (cyclooxygenases; COXs) to reduce the protoporphyrin radical
cation in the peroxidase site of the enzyme, thus preventing the intramolecular
electron transfer that generates the Tyr385 radical required for abstraction
of a hydrogen from arachidonic acid to initiate prostaglandin synthesis.
Unrelated to this pharmacological action, metabolism of ApAP by CYPs
yields an iminoquinone electrophile that is responsible for the hepatotoxicity,
which results from high doses of the drug. We synthesized novel heterocyclic
phenols predicted to be electron donors. Two of these inhibited the
oxygenation of arachidonic acid by PGHS-1 and myoglobin and also were
shown to be more metabolically stable and exhibited less direct cytotoxicity
than acetaminophen. They are leading candidates for studies to determine
whether they are free of the metabolism-based hepatotoxicity produced
by acetaminophen
Long-Lived <sup>13</sup>C<sub>2</sub> Nuclear Spin States Hyperpolarized by Parahydrogen in Reversible Exchange at Microtesla Fields
Parahydrogen
is an inexpensive and readily available source of
hyperpolarization used to enhance magnetic resonance signals by up
to four orders of magnitude above thermal signals obtained at ā¼10
T. A significant challenge for applications is fast signal decay after
hyperpolarization. Here we use parahydrogen-based polarization transfer
catalysis at microtesla fields (first introduced as SABRE-SHEATH)
to hyperpolarize <sup>13</sup>C<sub>2</sub> spin pairs and find decay
time constants of 12 s for magnetization at 0.3 mT, which are extended
to 2 min at that same field, when long-lived singlet states are hyperpolarized
instead. Enhancements over thermal at 8.5 T are between 30 and 170
fold (0.02 to 0.12% polarization). We control the spin dynamics of
polarization transfer by choice of microtesla field, allowing for
deliberate hyperpolarization of either magnetization or long-lived
singlet states. Density functional theory calculations and experimental
evidence identify two energetically close mechanisms for polarization
transfer: First, a model that involves direct binding of the <sup>13</sup>C<sub>2</sub> pair to the polarization transfer catalyst
and, second, a model transferring polarization through auxiliary protons
in substrates