ТЕКТОНИЧЕСКАЯ ПОЗИЦИЯ МИНГЛИНГ-ДАЕК В АККРЕЦИОННО- КОЛЛИЗИОННОЙ СИСТЕМЕ РАННИХ КАЛЕДОНИД ЗАПАДНОГО САНГИЛЕНА (ЮГО-ВОСТОЧНАЯ ТУВА)

Dykes composed of basic rocks and granite are formed due to interactions between melts in a wide range of conditions, from contrasting compositions and fluid saturation rates to various tectonic settings and processes at different depths. Textures and petrochemical characteristics of the dykes are thus widely variable. This paper is focused on composite dykes observed in the West Sangilen region in South-East Tuva, Russia.The Sangilen wedge is a fragment of the Early Caledonian orogenic structure of the Tuva-Mongolia Massif which evolved in a succession of geodynamic settings, from collision (transpression, 570–480 Ma) to transform faulting (transtension, 480–430 Ma). Intensive tectonic deformation facilitated massive basic-rock and granite magmatism at various layers of the crust and associated heating and metamorphism of the rocks (510–460 Ma). Basic-rock–granite composite dykes were formed in the above-mentioned period in various tectonic settings that controlled conditions of dyke intrusions and their compositions.We distinguish two groups of composite dykes observed on two sites, in the area between the Erzin and Naryn rivers and on the right bank of the Erzin river (Strelka and Erzin Sites, respectively) (Fig. 1). The dykes in both groups originated from one and the same basic-rock melt source. However, mingling of the contrasting melts was carried out by different mechanisms as suggested by the proposed intrusion models.In the area between the Erzin and Naryn rivers (Strelka Site), the host rock of the composite dykes is granite of the Nizhneerzin massif. The mingling dykes are composed of amphibole gabbro and monzogabbro, granosyenite and twofeldspar granite. Contacts between basic and felsic rocks vary from smooth contrasting to complex ‘lacerated’ flameshaped, and gradual transition zones are present (Fig. 6).The dykes were formed at mesoabyssal or abyssal depths, and the subliquidus heat regime was thus maintained for a long time, and even the smallest portions of the basic-rock melt were consolidated through quite a long period of time. As a consequence, indicators of deformation are lacking in the composite dykes, while transition zones and hybridization are present.On the right bank of the Erzin river (Ersin Site), the dykes cut through migmatite-granite of the Erzin formation in the same-name tectonic zone. Contacts with host rocks are transverse. Melanocratic rocks are represented by smallgrained diorite and quartz diorite, and the felsic composite dykes are composed of medium- and small-grained twofeldspar granite and leukogranite. Transition zones, hornfelsing and contact alterations are absent at contacts of all the types (Fig. 8).The composite dykes of this type intruded and emplaced when the shear zone was subject to extension and fragmentation, which predetermined active intrusion of basic and, possibly, felsic melts through conjugated faults. Crystallization of the melts was rapid, and their potential heat impact on the adjoining rocks was thus excluded, as evidenced by the presence of oxygonal chips of igneous and host metamorphic rocks, vein pegmatoid intrusions, and composite dykes of the reticulate-cuspate texture with the dominant basic-rock component.The mingling dykes classified in the first group intruded when the Erzin and Kokmolgarga shear zones were formed at the early stage of the tectonic-magmatic evolution of the Sangilen orogen (510–490 Ma). Intrusions of the basic-rock melts were accompanied by the formation of relatively large massifs of the basic composition, i.e. the Erzin and Bayankol gabbro-monzodiorite massifs, as well as by the occurrence of composite dykes that are abundant in the area between the Erzin and Naryn rivers. In the second stage (460–430 Ma), the composite dykes occurred when the orogen was subject to extension along the system of tectonic zones, the Bashkymugur gabbro-monzodiorite massif was emplaced, and fracture-vein structures, including the dykes, were formed.Формирование базит-гранитных комбинированных даек происходит в широком спектре условий и обстановок взаимодействия контрастных по составу расплавов, начиная от специфики состава и флюидонасыщенности расплавов и заканчивая тектоническими обстановками и глубинностью процессов. Все эти факторы отражаются на структурно-текстурных и петрогеохимических характеристиках даек. В настоящей работе данные вопросы рассмотрены на примере комбинированных (минглинг) даек Западного Сангилена (Юго-Восточная Тува).Сангиленский выступ представляет собой фрагмент раннекаледонской орогенной структуры Тувино-Монгольского массива, тектоническая эволюция которой отражает смену геодинамических обстановок – от коллизионной (режим сжатия, 570–480 млн лет) до сдвиговой (режим растяжения, 480–430 млн лет). Интенсивные тектонические деформации способствовали проявлению масштабного базитового и гранитоидного магматизма на различных уровнях земной коры и связанного с ним теплового прогрева и метаморфизма пород в период 510–460 млн лет. С этим же периодом связано проявление базит-гранитных комбинированных даек, формирование которых происходило в различных тектонических обстановках, контролирующих условия их внедрения и становления.В статье рассматривается две группы минглинг-даек, изученных в междуречье Эрзина и Нарына и на правобережье р. Эрзин (рис. 1). В обоих случаях их происхождение связано с одним источником базитового расплава. Однако, механизмы смешения контрастных расплавов отвечают различным моделям внедрения.В междуречье Эрзина и Нарына вмещающими породами комбинированных даек являются гранитоиды Нижнеэрзинского массива. Минглинг-дайки сложены амфиболовыми габбро и монцогаббро, граносиенитами и двуполевошпатовыми гранитами. Контакты между основными и кислыми породами различны и изменяются от ровных и контрастных до пламеневидных и микрофестончатых с образованием зон постепенных переходов (рис. 6).Формирование даек этого типа происходило на мезоабиссальных либо абиссальных уровнях глубинности, что обеспечило при их становлении сохранность длительного субликвидусного теплового режима и относительно продолжительный период консолидации даже мелких порций базитового расплава. Как следствие, в комбинированных дайках отсутствуют признаки деформаций, но наблюдаются переходные зоны и гибридизация.Дайки на правобережье р. Эрзин прорывают мигматит-граниты эрзинского комплекса в одноименной тектонической зоне. Контакты с вмещающими породами секущие. Меланократовые породы представлены мелкозернистыми диоритами и кварцевыми диоритами, кислая часть комбинированных даек сложена средне-, мелкозернистыми двуполевошпатовыми гранитами и лейкогранитами. Для всех типов контактов характерно отсутствие зон перехода, ороговикования и контактовых изменений (рис. 8).Внедрение и становление комбинированных даек данного типа происходило в условиях обстановок растяжения и фрагментации сдвиговой зоны, что обусловило как активное внедрение базитовых и, возможно, кислых расплавов по сопряженным трещинам, так и их быструю кристаллизацию. Наличие остроугольных обломков магматических и вмещающих метаморфических пород, существование жильных пегматоидных образований, сетчато-фестончатый характер минглинг-даек с преобладанием базитовой составляющей прямо указывают на быструю кристаллизацию базитовых расплавов без возможности их последующего теплового воздействия на окружающие породы.Внедрение первой группы минглинг-даек связывается с заложением Эрзинской и Кокмолгаргинской тектонических зон и отвечает раннему этапу тектономагматической эволюции Сангиленского орогена на рубеже 510–490 млн лет. Данный этап сопровождался как внедрением базитовых расплавов с формированием относительно крупных массивов основного состава (Эрзинский и Баянкольский габбро-монцодиоритовые массивы), так и появлением комбинированных даек, распространенных в междуречье Эрзина и Нарына. Второй этап формирования минглинг-даек связывается с тектономагматической активностью в регионе на рубеже 460–430 млн лет, когда происходило активное растяжение орогенной структуры по системе тектонических зон, внедрение и становление Башкымугурского массива габбро-монцодиоритов и развитие трещинно-жильных образований, в том числе комбинированных даек

PGE-Cu-Ni Mineralization of Mafic-Ultramafic Massifs of the Khangai Upland, Western Mongolia

The mafic-ultramafic massifs with the PGE-Cu-Ni mineralization located in North-Central Mongolia: Oortsog, Dulaan, Mankhan, Yamat, and Nomgon were investigated. For the first time we consider these massifs as a single magmatic association and as fragments of Khangai batholith caused by the action of the plume responsible for the formation Permian Khangai LIP. The massifs fractionated from peridotite to gabbro have a similar typomorphic ore mineralogical and geochemical features, which change depending on the degrees of fractionation of magma and evolution of the sulfide melt. The least fractionated Oortsog massif originated from Ni-rich high-Mg basaltic magma. It is characterized by predominance of pyrrhotite mineralization due to exsolution of monosulfide solid solution (MSS). The most fractionated is the Nomgon massif originated from Cu-rich basaltic magma with bornite-chalcopyrite mineralization, formed as an exsolution of intermediate solid solution (ISS). The rest of the massifs have a medium characteristics between these two. The compositions of sulfides in the studied massifs change in accordance with the increase in sulfur fugacity from peridotite to gabbro: enrichment of pentlandite in Ni and pyrrhotite in S. The composition of PGM changes from Pt minerals in Oortsog massif to Pd minerals in Nomgon massif in the same direction. These massifs can be considered as potential for the PGE

Petrology and Age of the Yamaat Uul Mafic Complex, Khangai Mountains, Western Mongolia

The Yamaat Uul mafic complex with Cu-Ni mineralization is located in the Khangai Mountains of Western Mongolia. We have received new unique data for mafic rocks of the complex: U-Pb dating (SHRIMP II), mineralogy (WDS) and geochemistry (XRF, ICP-MS), Sm-Nd and Rb-Sr isotope data and sulphur isotopes. The Yamaat Uul mafic complex consists of two intrusions: Intrusion 1 is represented by rocks of plagioclase cumulates and olivine–pyroxene cumulates; Intrusion 2 consists of monzogabbro. Intrusions 1 and 2 are different in composition of minerals such as olivine, plagioclase and biotite. The monzogabbro has higher contents of incompatible elements (REE, K, Ti, P) than rocks of Intrusion 1. Zircon U-Pb dating of the anorthosite and Bt-Am-Ol gabbronorite shows a Late Permian age (255.8 ± 2.9 Ma and 262.6 ± 3.1 Ma, respectively) for the Yamaat Uul mafic complex. All of the rocks of the complex are derived from a unified parental melt due to different amounts of trapped melts in plagioclase and olivine–pyroxene cumulates and without crustal contamination. The Cu-Ni mineralization of the complex has a low degree of evolution of the sulphide melt, similar to PGE-Cu-Ni mafic–ultramafic intrusions of the Khangai Mountains (Nomgon and Oortsog Uul). The Yamaat Uul mafic complex together with other mafic–ultramafic intrusions of the Khangai Mountains is related to the Khangai LIP and can be considered as potential for the PGE-Cu-Ni. The new geological, petrological, geochemical and isotope–geochronological data can later be used to reconstruct the geotectonics of the Khangai Mountains and the Central Asian orogenic belt as a whole

TECTONIC POSITION OF MINGLING DYKES IN ACCRETION-COLLISION SYSTEM OF EARLY CALEDONIDES OF WEST SANGILEN (SOUTH-EAST TUVA, RUSSIA)

Dykes composed of basic rocks and granite are formed due to interactions between melts in a wide range of conditions, from contrasting compositions and fluid saturation rates to various tectonic settings and processes at different depths. Textures and petrochemical characteristics of the dykes are thus widely variable. This paper is focused on composite dykes observed in the West Sangilen region in South-East Tuva, Russia.The Sangilen wedge is a fragment of the Early Caledonian orogenic structure of the Tuva-Mongolia Massif which evolved in a succession of geodynamic settings, from collision (transpression, 570–480 Ma) to transform faulting (transtension, 480–430 Ma). Intensive tectonic deformation facilitated massive basic-rock and granite magmatism at various layers of the crust and associated heating and metamorphism of the rocks (510–460 Ma). Basic-rock–granite composite dykes were formed in the above-mentioned period in various tectonic settings that controlled conditions of dyke intrusions and their compositions.We distinguish two groups of composite dykes observed on two sites, in the area between the Erzin and Naryn rivers and on the right bank of the Erzin river (Strelka and Erzin Sites, respectively) (Fig. 1). The dykes in both groups originated from one and the same basic-rock melt source. However, mingling of the contrasting melts was carried out by different mechanisms as suggested by the proposed intrusion models.In the area between the Erzin and Naryn rivers (Strelka Site), the host rock of the composite dykes is granite of the Nizhneerzin massif. The mingling dykes are composed of amphibole gabbro and monzogabbro, granosyenite and twofeldspar granite. Contacts between basic and felsic rocks vary from smooth contrasting to complex ‘lacerated’ flameshaped, and gradual transition zones are present (Fig. 6).The dykes were formed at mesoabyssal or abyssal depths, and the subliquidus heat regime was thus maintained for a long time, and even the smallest portions of the basic-rock melt were consolidated through quite a long period of time. As a consequence, indicators of deformation are lacking in the composite dykes, while transition zones and hybridization are present.On the right bank of the Erzin river (Ersin Site), the dykes cut through migmatite-granite of the Erzin formation in the same-name tectonic zone. Contacts with host rocks are transverse. Melanocratic rocks are represented by smallgrained diorite and quartz diorite, and the felsic composite dykes are composed of medium- and small-grained twofeldspar granite and leukogranite. Transition zones, hornfelsing and contact alterations are absent at contacts of all the types (Fig. 8).The composite dykes of this type intruded and emplaced when the shear zone was subject to extension and fragmentation, which predetermined active intrusion of basic and, possibly, felsic melts through conjugated faults. Crystallization of the melts was rapid, and their potential heat impact on the adjoining rocks was thus excluded, as evidenced by the presence of oxygonal chips of igneous and host metamorphic rocks, vein pegmatoid intrusions, and composite dykes of the reticulate-cuspate texture with the dominant basic-rock component.The mingling dykes classified in the first group intruded when the Erzin and Kokmolgarga shear zones were formed at the early stage of the tectonic-magmatic evolution of the Sangilen orogen (510–490 Ma). Intrusions of the basic-rock melts were accompanied by the formation of relatively large massifs of the basic composition, i.e. the Erzin and Bayankol gabbro-monzodiorite massifs, as well as by the occurrence of composite dykes that are abundant in the area between the Erzin and Naryn rivers. In the second stage (460–430 Ma), the composite dykes occurred when the orogen was subject to extension along the system of tectonic zones, the Bashkymugur gabbro-monzodiorite massif was emplaced, and fracture-vein structures, including the dykes, were formed

Symbolic innovation at the onset of the Upper Paleolithic in Eurasia shown by the personal ornaments from Tolbor-21 (Mongolia)

AbstractFigurative depictions in art first occur ca. 50,000 years ago in Europe, Africa, and Southeast Asia. Considered by most as an advanced form of symbolic behavior, they are restricted to our species. Here, we report a piece of ornament interpreted as a phallus-like representation. It was found in a 42,000 ca.-year-old Upper Paleolithic archaeological layer at the open-air archaeological site of Tolbor-21, in Mongolia. Mineralogical, microscopic, and rugosimetric analyses points toward the allochthonous origin of the pendant and a complex functional history. Three-dimensional phallic pendants are unknown in the Paleolithic record, and this discovery predates the earliest known sexed anthropomorphic representation. It attests that hunter-gatherer communities used sex anatomical attributes as symbols at a very early stage of their dispersal in the region. The pendant was produced during a period that overlaps with age estimates for early introgression events between Homo sapiens and Denisovans, and in a region where such encounters are plausible

Symbolic innovation at the onset of the Upper Paleolithic in Eurasia shown by the personal ornaments from Tolbor-21 (Mongolia).

Figurative depictions in art first occur ca. 50,000 years ago in Europe, Africa, and Southeast Asia. Considered by most as an advanced form of symbolic behavior, they are restricted to our species. Here, we report a piece of ornament interpreted as a phallus-like representation. It was found in a 42,000 ca.-year-old Upper Paleolithic archaeological layer at the open-air archaeological site of Tolbor-21, in Mongolia. Mineralogical, microscopic, and rugosimetric analyses points toward the allochthonous origin of the pendant and a complex functional history. Three-dimensional phallic pendants are unknown in the Paleolithic record, and this discovery predates the earliest known sexed anthropomorphic representation. It attests that hunter-gatherer communities used sex anatomical attributes as symbols at a very early stage of their dispersal in the region. The pendant was produced during a period that overlaps with age estimates for early introgression events between Homo sapiens and Denisovans, and in a region where such encounters are plausible