Uwagi do projektu nowelizacji Kodeksu karnego wykonawczego z 29 października 2021 r.

The authors refer to several aspects of the most recent proposal to amend the Executive Penal Code, published by the Ministry of Justice in autumn 2021 and widely consulted as part of the legislative process. The draft is a voluminous document, 52 pages long, and covers a wide range of issues with varying degree of detail. The article is not intended to offer a comprehensive analysis of the whole project – we confine ourselves to a few threads that, in our opinion, are the most important, as well as require commentary due to their possible consequences for the system of penal executive law and the protection of the rights of persons deprived of their liberty. These are the issues related to the implementation of sentences in the electronic monitoring system, the problem of complaints and judicial control in enforcement proceedings, the institution of “preventive measures” in penitentiary institutions, principles of transferring offenders sentenced to life imprisonment to semi-open and open institutions, authorization of the Minister of Justice to issue a regulation on determining the surface area of living cells, modification of the content of Art. 117 of the Penal Code as a consequence of the decision of the Constitutional Tribunal concerning the treatment and rehabilitation of convicted addicts and the principles of functioning of psychiatric institutions with reinforced and maximum security

Relationship between structure and entropy contributions in an anthraquinone mercapto derivative

International audienceThe structural and thermodynamic properties of an anthraquinone derivative were studied by means of quantum-chemical calculations. Conformational analysis using ab initio and density functional theory methods revealed 14 low-energy conformers. In order to discuss similarities and differences in entropy of the conformers, the rotational and vibrational contributions to entropy were correlated with changes in conformer structure. The component of the moment of inertia perpendicular to the molecular plane gives significant input to , whereas the largest contributions to the have vibrations associated with the coordinate

Phase transitions and molecular reorientations in [Mn(OS(CH3)2)6](ClO4)2[Mn(OS(CH_{3})_{2})_{6}](ClO_{4})_{2} studied by proton magnetic resonance and Raman spectroscopy

The temperature dependence of full width at half maximum of bands associated with δ d(OClO)F2, δ(CSC), and ρ(CH3) vibrational modes in the FT-RS spectra of [Mn(OS(CH3)2)6](ClO4)2 have shown that the dynamic of reorientational motions of and CH3 groups (from (CH3)2SO) undergoes distinct changes at the phase transitions at T  ≈ 365 K and T  ≈ 322 K. These are the phase transitions from stable crystal to stable rotational phase and from metastable crystal to metastable rotational phase, respectively. Moreover, characteristic changes of the Raman spectra at these phase transitions, connected with both the shift of the band positions and the scattered light intensity of the bands associated with ν s(SO), ν s(MnO), δ(CSC), and δ(OMnO) modes, suggest that these phase transitions are associated with crystal structure changes, too. Analysis of temperature dependence of the second moment (M2) of 1H NMR showed that on first heating (from room temperature) of the compound the reorientations of the CH3 groups were set in motion in the phase transition at T  ≈ 365 K. On subsequent heating (after cooling the compound to 100 K) molecular reorientation starts just above 150 K, and above the temperature of 223 K all molecular groups containing protons perform nearly free rotation with frequencies of a few kHz, including an isotropic reorientation of the whole [Mn(OS(CH3)2)6]2

Swim Training Modulates Skeletal Muscle Energy Metabolism, Oxidative Stress, and Mitochondrial Cholesterol Content in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis Mice

Recently, in terms of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), much attention has been paid to the cell structures formed by the mitochondria and the endoplasmic reticulum membranes (MAMs) that are involved in the regulation of Ca2+ signaling, mitochondrial bioenergetics, apoptosis, and oxidative stress. We assumed that remodeling of these structures via swim training may accompany the prolongation of the ALS lifespan. In the present study, we used transgenic mice with the G93A hmSOD1 gene mutation. We examined muscle energy metabolism, oxidative stress parameters, and markers of MAMs (Caveolin-1 protein level and cholesterol content in crude mitochondrial fraction) in groups of mice divided according to disease progression and training status. The progression of ALS was related to the lowering of Caveolin-1 protein levels and the accumulation of cholesterol in a crude mitochondrial fraction. These changes were associated with aerobic and anaerobic energy metabolism dysfunction and higher oxidative stress. Our data indicated that swim training prolonged the lifespan of ALS mice with accompanying changes in MAM components. Swim training also maintained mitochondrial function and lowered oxidative stress. These data suggest that modification of MAMs might play a crucial role in the exercise-induced deceleration of ALS development

Swim Training Affects on Muscle Lactate Metabolism, Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotides Concentration, and the Activity of NADH Shuttle Enzymes in a Mouse Model of Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis

In this study, we aim to verify whether swim training can improve lactate metabolism, NAD+ and NADH levels, as well as modify the activity of glycolytic and NADH shuttle enzymes and monocarboxylate transporters (MCTs) in skeletal muscle of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) mice. ALS mice (SOD1G93A) (n = 7 per group) were analyzed before the onset of ALS, at first disease symptoms (trained and untrained), and the last stage of disease (trained and untrained), and then compared with a wild-type (WT) group of mice. The blood lactate and the skeletal muscle concentration of lactate, NAD+ and NADH, MCT1 and MCT4 protein levels, as well as lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and malate dehydrogenase (MDH) activities in skeletal muscle were determined by fluorometric, Western blotting, liquid chromatography-MS3 spectrometry, and spectrometric methods. In the untrained terminal ALS group, there were decreased blood lactate levels (p < 0.001) and increased skeletal muscle lactate levels (p < 0.05) as compared with a WT group of mice. The amount of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotides in the ALS groups were also significantly reduced as well as LDH activity and the level of MCT1. Swim training increased lactate levels in the blood (p < 0.05 vs. ALS TERMINAL untrained). In addition, cytosolic MDH activity and the cMDH/LDH 2.1 ratio were significantly higher in trained vs. untrained mice (p < 0.05). The data indicate significant dysfunction of lactate metabolism in ALS mice, associated with a reduction in muscle anaerobic metabolism and NADH transporting enzymes, as well as swim-induced compensation of energy demands in the ALS mice

Phase transitions and molecular reorientations in [Mn(OS(CH 3

The temperature dependence of full width at half maximum of bands associated with δ d(OClO)F2, δ(CSC), and ρ(CH3) vibrational modes in the FT-RS spectra of [Mn(OS(CH3)2)6](ClO4)2 have shown that the dynamic of reorientational motions of and CH3 groups (from (CH3)2SO) undergoes distinct changes at the phase transitions at T  ≈ 365 K and T  ≈ 322 K. These are the phase transitions from stable crystal to stable rotational phase and from metastable crystal to metastable rotational phase, respectively. Moreover, characteristic changes of the Raman spectra at these phase transitions, connected with both the shift of the band positions and the scattered light intensity of the bands associated with ν s(SO), ν s(MnO), δ(CSC), and δ(OMnO) modes, suggest that these phase transitions are associated with crystal structure changes, too. Analysis of temperature dependence of the second moment (M2) of 1H NMR showed that on first heating (from room temperature) of the compound the reorientations of the CH3 groups were set in motion in the phase transition at T  ≈ 365 K. On subsequent heating (after cooling the compound to 100 K) molecular reorientation starts just above 150 K, and above the temperature of 223 K all molecular groups containing protons perform nearly free rotation with frequencies of a few kHz, including an isotropic reorientation of the whole [Mn(OS(CH3)2)6]2

Swim Training Modulates Mouse Skeletal Muscle Energy Metabolism and Ameliorates Reduction in Grip Strength in a Mouse Model of Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis

Metabolic reprogramming in skeletal muscles in the human and animal models of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) may be an important factor in the diseases progression. We hypothesized that swim training, a modulator of cellular metabolism via changes in muscle bioenergetics and oxidative stress, ameliorates the reduction in muscle strength in ALS mice. In this study, we used transgenic male mice with the G93A human SOD1 mutation B6SJL-Tg (SOD1G93A) 1Gur/J and wild type B6SJL (WT) mice. Mice were subjected to a grip strength test and isolated skeletal muscle mitochondria were used to perform high-resolution respirometry. Moreover, the activities of enzymes involved in the oxidative energy metabolism and total sulfhydryl groups (as an oxidative stress marker) were evaluated in skeletal muscle. ALS reduces muscle strength (−70% between 11 and 15 weeks, p < 0.05), modulates muscle metabolism through lowering citrate synthase (CS) (−30% vs. WT, p = 0.0007) and increasing cytochrome c oxidase and malate dehydrogenase activities, and elevates oxidative stress markers in skeletal muscle. Swim training slows the reduction in muscle strength (−5% between 11 and 15 weeks) and increases CS activity (+26% vs. ALS I, p = 0.0048). Our findings indicate that swim training is a modulator of skeletal muscle energy metabolism with concomitant improvement of skeletal muscle function in ALS mice