sj-docx-1-qjp-10.1177_17470218221135603 – Supplemental material for Temporal aspects of two types of backward crosstalk in dual-tasks: An analysis of continuous mouse-tracking data

Supplemental material, sj-docx-1-qjp-10.1177_17470218221135603 for Temporal aspects of two types of backward crosstalk in dual-tasks: An analysis of continuous mouse-tracking data by Carolin Schonard, Rolf Ulrich and Markus Janczyk in Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology</p

Number of participants, missing data, fully completed questionnaires, and included questionnaires.

<p>Number of participants, missing data, fully completed questionnaires, and included questionnaires.</p

Estimated 12-month prevalences as a function of location, method, and level of competition motivation.

<p>Estimated 12-month prevalences as a function of location, method, and level of competition motivation.</p

Data_Sheet_1_Prevalence Estimates for Pharmacological Neuroenhancement in Austrian University Students: Its Relation to Health-Related Risk Attitude and the Framing Effect of Caffeine Tablets.PDF

<p>Background: Pharmacological neuroenhancement (PN) is defined as the use of illicit or prescription drugs by healthy individuals for cognitive-enhancing purposes. The present study aimed (i) to investigate whether including caffeine tablets in the definition of PN within a questionnaire increases the PN prevalence estimate (framing effect), (ii) to investigate whether the health-related risk attitude is increased in students who use PN.</p><p>Materials and methods: Two versions of a paper-and-pencil questionnaire (first version included caffeine tablets in the definition of PN, the second excluded caffeine tablets) were distributed among university students at the University of Graz, Austria. The unrelated question model (UQM) was used to estimate the 12-month PN prevalence and the German version of the 30-item Domain-Specific Risk-Taking (DOSPERT) scale to assess the health-related risk attitude. Moreover, large-sample z-tests (α = 0.05) were performed for comparing the PN prevalence estimates of two groups.</p><p>Results: Two thousand four hundred and eighty-nine questionnaires were distributed and 2,284 (91.8%) questionnaires were included in analysis. The overall PN prevalence estimate for all students was 11.9%. One-tailed large-sample z-tests revealed that the PN estimate for students with higher health-related risk attitude was significantly higher compared to students with lower health-related risk attitude (15.6 vs. 8.5%; z = 2.65, p = 0.004). Furthermore, when caffeine tablets were included into the example of PN, the prevalence estimate of PN was significantly higher compared to the version without caffeine tablets (14.9 vs. 9.0%; z = 2.20, p = 0.014).</p><p>Discussion: This study revealed that the PN prevalence estimate increases when caffeine tablets are included in the definition of PN. Therefore, future studies investigating the prevalence of, and predictors for, PN should be performed and interpreted with respect to potential framing effects. This study further revealed that the PN prevalence estimate is increased in students with a higher health-related risk attitude compared to students with a lower one. Therefore, future education and prevention programs addressing PN in the collective of students should not only inform about potential side effects of its use but also address the limited effects on cognition and potential alternatives of PN.</p

RRT procedure to assess physical doping.

<p>RRT procedure to assess physical doping.</p

Training characteristics.

<p>(kg = kilograms; km = kilometers; SD = standard deviation).</p

Cross tabulation for the RRT answers concerning physical and cognitive doping.

<p>Cross tabulation for the RRT answers concerning physical and cognitive doping.</p

RRT procedure to assess cognitive doping.

<p>RRT procedure to assess cognitive doping.</p

Examples of legal and illicit substances that produce effects on the body and cognitive functions.

<p>Examples of legal and illicit substances that produce effects on the body and cognitive functions.</p

Estimated 12-month prevalence for cognitive doping by using RRT.

<p>(CI = confidence interval).</p