The Effect of Probiotics, Prebiotics, and Synbiotics on Indicators of Lactose Intolerance: A Systematic Review

Lactose intolerance disproportionately affects racial minority groups in the United States, increasing the incidence of calcium deficiency and low bone mineral density in these populations. The nutritional quality of lactose-containing food products incentivizes the investigation of long-term treatment options for lactose intolerance. Modifying the gut microbiome to increase the quantity of lactose-hydrolyzing bacteria in the intestines is a promising avenue of treatment that merits investigation. Such modification is typically achieved via consumption of probiotics, prebiotics, or synbiotics in various forms. This systematic review examined 25 studies measuring outcomes of lactose intolerance in subjects given probiotic, prebiotic, or synbiotic treatments. Bacterial strains with the greatest degree of evidence for the reduction of undesirable outcomes of lactose intolerance were Bifidobacterium longum, Lactobacillus acidophilus, Lactobacillus delbrueckii subspecies bulgaricus, and/or Streptococcus thermophilus. Inoculated dairy products also showed strong evidence for the attenuation of lactose intolerance outcomes

Bulletin No. 354 - Marketing of Chickens from Producer to First Handler Washington, Oregon, and Utah (1948-1949)

In 1949 the receipts from eggs and chickens amounted to 8.6, 6.0, and 13.2 percent of the total cash receipts from farm marketings in Washington, Oregon, and Utah, respectively. About three fourths of these receipts were from sale of eggs and one fourth from the sale of chickens. Receipts from chicken sales, while less important than from eggs, amounted to about 21.5 million dollars in 1949 in the three states. As would be expected, considering the importance of egg production in the three states, many of the chickens sold are cull layers and other chickens produced incidental to the egg enterprise. While exact data are not available, about a third of the chicken receipts in the three states in 1949 were from birds produced exclusively for meat and two thirds from other chickens. The percentage of receipts from meat birds was slightly higher than this in Washington and lower in Utah. Marketing agencies are not usually specialized as to type of chickens handled so it seemed desirable to study the marketing of all classes of chickens

Bulletin No. 356 - Consumer Demand for Fruit: Salt Lake City, Utah, 1948-1949

In a free enterprise economy where production and consumption are adjusted through the medium of prices, consumers direct the kinds and amounts of production through their choices in the market. The problems of production and marketing of any product cannot be effectively solved without studying the wishes and actions of consumers. To ignore the decisions of consumers is economic suicide. No one can long continue to produce who does not find buyers for his product. The producers who give the consumers what they want, in the form and at the time they want it, and at a price they are willing to pay, are the ones who are able to stay in business and find buyers for their products. It is not economically feasible to force a product through the marketing channels and then have to induce the consumers to accept it. A more logical approach is to study the activities of consumers in the market, determine the-kind of product they want, the form they want it in, and the price they will pay; then adjust the production and marketing system accordingly

Bulletin No. 366 - The Relation Between Gradings of Lived and Dressed Chickens in Utah

This study was undertaken in order to (1) ascertain the importance of chicken sales of various classes and grades from Utah farms, (2) determine the relation between live and dressed grading of chickens, and (3) ascertain the influence of live grading on the price of chickens at the farm level

Chronic inflammation was a major predictor and determinant factor of anemia in lactating women in Sidama zone southern Ethiopia: A cross-sectional study

Anemia in women of reproductive age is highly prevalent globally and remains a public health problem. In Ethiopia, despite efforts to minimize the burden of anemia, it is still a moderate public health problem. Anemia has various etiologies including nutritional deficiency, parasitic infection, and inflammation. The aim of this study was to examine contributing factors to anemia in lactating women. Following ethical approval, and six months after delivery, all lactating women (n = 150) were recruited to participate in this study from eight randomly selected rural villages. Anthropometric and socio-economic factors were assessed. From each, a blood sample was collected for measuring hemoglobin, iron biomarkers, zinc, selenium, and inflammation markers. The median (IQR) hemoglobin (Hb) was 132 (123, 139) g/L. Of the women, 19% were anemic and 7% had iron deficiency anemia; 31% were iron deficient and 2% had iron overload. Also, 8% had functional iron deficit, 6% had acute inflammation, 13% had chronic inflammation, and 16% had tissue iron deficiency. The majority (78%) of the women had low plasma zinc out of which more than 16% were anemic. Hb was positively associated with plasma iron and plasma zinc and negatively associated with transferrin receptor (TfR) and α-1-acid glycoprotein (AGP). Plasma iron, AGP, TfR, hepcidin and plasma zinc were significant predictors of maternal anemia. Additionally MUAC and level of education were associated positively with maternal hemoglobin. This study showed that maternal anemia was associated with multiple factors including nutritional deficiencies, inflammation and limited education

Activity of plasmin and plasminogen in ultra high temperature milk with high and low somatic cell counts during storage

O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o efeito da contagem de células somáticas (CCS) do leite na atividade de plasmina e plasminogênio durante o período de armazenamento do leite longa vida integral. Os leites crus foram categorizados em grupos de CCS de baixa (342.000-487.000 células mL-1) e alta contagem (603.000-808.000 células mL-1). Dois lotes de leite longa vida em cada categoria de CCS foram analisados para determinação de plasmina e plasminogênio após 10, 30, 60, 90 e 120 dias de armazenamento em temperatura ambiente. Para a fabricação do leite longa vida, o leite cru foi submetido à pasteurização rápida seguida da esterilização industrial do leite por injeção de vapor pelo método direto e embalagem asséptica do produto. A CCS não apresentou efeitos sobre as características físico-químicas do leite cru, e nem sobre a atividade de plasmina e plasminogênio nos leites cru e longa vida, armazenados por 120 dias. Entretanto, independentemente da CCS, a atividade de plasmina e plasminogênio aumentou no leite longa vida ao longo do armazenamento, indicando a possibilidade de aumento da proteólise no produto durante sua vida de prateleira.This study aimed to evaluate the effect of somatic cell counts (SCC) in milk on plasmin and plasminogen activities of ultra high temperature (UHT) milk during storage. Raw milks were categorized in SCC groups of low (342,000-487,000 cells mL-1) and high cells (603,000-808,000 cells mL-1). Two replicates of UHT milks within each SCC category were analyzed for plasmin and plasminogen activities after 10, 30, 60, 90 and 120 days of storage at room temperature. For manufacture of UHT milk, raw milk was pasteurized and sterilized by direct vapor injection process, followed by aseptic packaging. SCC had no effect on physical-chemical characteristics of raw milk, and on plasmin or plasminogen activities in raw and UHT milks during 120 days of storage. However, independently of the SCC in raw milk, the activity of plasmin and plasminogen increased in UHT milk during storage, hence indicating a possible increase in proteolysis in the product during its shelf-life

Holography for Ising spins on the hyperbolic plane

Motivated by the AdS/CFT correspondence, we use Monte Carlo simulation to investigate the Ising model formulated on tessellations of the two-dimensional hyperbolic disk. We focus in particular on the behavior of boundary-boundary correlators, which exhibit power-law scaling both below and above the bulk critical temperature indicating scale invariance of the boundary theory at any temperature. This conclusion is strengthened by a finite-size scaling analysis of the boundary susceptibility which yields a scaling exponent consistent with the scaling dimension extracted from the boundary correlation function. This observation provides evidence that the connection between continuum boundary conformal symmetry and isometries of the bulk hyperbolic space survives for simple interacting field theories even when the bulk is approximated by a discrete tessellation.Comment: 9 pages, 11 figure