20 research outputs found
Photocatalytic Degradation of Pharmaceuticals Pollutants Using N-Doped TiO<sub>2</sub> Photocatalyst: Identification of CFX Degradation Intermediates
<p>The N-doped TiO<sub>2</sub> photocatalyst was synthesized by the sol–gel method and characterized in detail in terms of its morphology, structure and composition. The prepared N-doped TiO<sub>2</sub> exhibited polycrystalline structure having particle sizes of around 50–120 nm and rod-shaped geometry. The N-doped TiO<sub>2</sub> was subsequently used for the photocatalytic degradation (PCD) of pharmaceutical micropollutants, namely ciprofloxacin HCl (CFX), naproxen (NPX) and paracetamol (PARA) and it was found that the rate of degradation of CFX and NPX is higher than that of PARA. To verify the beneficial effect of N-doped TiO<sub>2</sub> for PCD of CFX, similar experiments were carried out using commercially available Aeroxide P-25 TiO<sub>2</sub>. It was observed that N-doped TiO<sub>2</sub> was more efficient than Aeroxide<sup>®</sup> P-25 TiO<sub>2</sub>. It was also found that the PCD of CFX in the presence of N-doped TiO<sub>2</sub> was highly efficient under the solar radiation as compared with artificial radiation. The effect of various operating parameters, such as adsorption of CFX, pH of the aqueous solution, effect of co-existing ions on PCD of CFX, was investigated using artificial radiation and optimum conditions were established. The intermediates formed during the PCD of CFX were identified using liquid chromatography tandem mass chromatography (LC-MS/MS). The presented results demonstrate that N-doped TiO<sub>2</sub> photocatalyst shows excellent photocatalytic activity in the visible region for the degradation of pharmaceutical pollutants.</p
Waveforms reported by Ocular response analyzer (ORA) and Corvis-ST: (a) Example of ORA waveform.
<p>The two peaks represent the instant the cornea becomes flat during the forward and backward motion of the cornea; (b) the same OA waveform now inverted about the straight line joining the two peaks in <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0097591#pone-0097591-g001" target="_blank">figure 1a</a>; (c) Example of the apex displacement in mm measured by CoST.</p
Deformation amplitude (DA) between the fellow eyes of the subjects.
<p>The means±SEM are plotted. SEM is the standard error of the mean.</p
b<sub>i</sub> RMS (root mean square) under the curve (AUC) from ORA and CoST segregated by the fellow eyes (OD = right and OS = left eye).
<p>The means±SEM are plotted. SEM is the standard error of the mean.</p
Sine harmonics from 1<sup>st</sup> to 6<sup>th</sup> order in a subject with CCT equal to: (a) 553 micron; (b) 581 micron.
<p>The numbers on the horizontal axis represent the order of the harmonics.</p
Cosine harmonics from 1<sup>st</sup> to 6<sup>th</sup> order in a subject with CCT equal to: (a) 503 micron; (b) 525 micron.
<p>The numbers on the horizontal axis represent the order of the harmonics.</p
Method of analyzing images.
<p>a. 570nm image; b. Masking of vessel branchings and A-V crossings along with marking of 2 concentric circles within which vessel segments would be analysed; c. Pseudo-color map along with previous markings; d. Vessel segment markings (thickest arteriole and venule per quadrant)</p
a<sub>i</sub> RMS (root mean square) under the curve (AUC) from ORA and CoST segregated by the fellow eyes (OD = right and OS = left eye).
<p>The means±SEM are plotted. SEM is the standard error of the mean.</p
Relationship of Arteriolar, Venous and A-V Difference Saturations with age.
<p>(x-axis—Age [Years]; y-axis—Saturation [%])</p
A normal Oxymap image with the pseudo-colour saturation overlap map (Background image—570 nm).
<p>A normal Oxymap image with the pseudo-colour saturation overlap map (Background image—570 nm).</p