Generating probability distributions using variational quantum circuits

We use a variational method for generating probability distributions, specifically, the Uniform, the Normal, the Binomial distribution, and the Poisson distribution. To do the same, we use many different architectures for the two, three and four-qubit cases using the Jensen-Shannon divergence as our objective function. We use gradient descent with momentum as our optimization scheme instead of conventionally used gradient descent. To calculate the gradient, we use the parameter shift rule, whose formulation we modify to take the probability values as outputs instead of the conventionally taken expectation values. We see that this method can approximate probability distributions, and there exists a specific architecture which outperforms other architectures, and this architecture depends on the number of qubits. The four, three and two-qubit cases consist of a parameterized layer followed by an entangling layer; a parameterized layer followed by an entangling layer, which is followed by a parameterized layer and only parameterized layers, respectively

Risk factors and outcome of Klebsiella pneumonia sepsis among newborns in Northern India

Background: The increasing clinical incidence of antibiotic-resistant bacteria is a major global health care issue. Among MDR pathogens, Klebsiella pneumoniae (KP) is one of the world's most dangerous superbugs; and becoming resistant to virtually every antibiotic available today. The objective were to study the clinical characteristics of neonatal sepsis caused by KP and the antibiotic sensitivity pattern of Klebsiella pneumoniae in a neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) in northern india.Methods: This observational study was conducted with neonates who were admitted in NICU of Government Medical College (GMC) Jammu (Jammu and Kashmir) India and whose blood culture showed growth of KP in a study period of 1 year between 1st January 2018 to 31st December 2018. The data was entered into a register and presented by descriptive statistics.Results: Twenty four neonates were included in the study. The clinical presentations include refusal of feed (83.3%), lethargy (79.2%), respiratory distress (70.8%), shock (70.8%), fever (37.5%) or hypothermia (58.3%), apnea (29.2%) and abdominal distension (33.3%). Most common perinatal risk factor was prolonged labor (>24 h) seen in 79.2% of cases. C-reactive protein (CRP) level was positive in 95% of the cases. The mortality was 25%. KP strains were sensitive to colistin, polymyxin B, cotrimoxazole and tetracyclines.Conclusions: The clinical manifestations of neonatal sepsis caused by KP are usually non-specific. CRP detection is valuable for early diagnosis of sepsis. Neonatal sepsis persists as a cause of mortality in this region. Regular antimicrobial surveillance for empirical treatment remains an important component of neonatal care

Knowledge regarding prevention of hypothermia in newborns among mothers in Northern India

Background: Neonatal hypothermia is increasingly recognized as a risk factor for newborn survival. World Health Organization (WHO) recommends maintaining a warm chain and skin-to-skin care for thermo-protection of newborn children. Since little is known about practices related to newborn hypothermia, this study’s goal was to assess the knowledge of mothers of newborns especially LBW babies on prevention of hypothermia and to provide them the knowledge of cost-effective thermal protection measures.Methods: It was a cross-sectional study using pre-tested, pre-structured questionnaire. 108 postnatal mothers having LBW babies admitted in postnatal wards of Government Medical College, Jammu, Jammu and Kashmir, India were included in the study and analysed using SPSS version 20.Results: Out of 108 mothers, maximum mothers were of age less than 25 years (51%), 60% were from rural area, residing in nuclear family were 62%. Mothers attended hospital for confinement were 95% and 85% started breast feeding their babies. 45% had knowledge of keeping the baby warm by immediately wiping the baby and only 3% mothers had knowledge of Kangaroo Mother Care (KMC).Conclusions: Understanding and addressing community-based practices on hypothermia, prevention and management might help to improve newborn survival in resource-limited settings. Possible interventions include the implementation of skin-to-skin care in rural areas and the use of appropriate, low-cost newborn warmers to prevent hypothermia and support families in their provision of newborn thermal protection. Training family members to support mothers in the provision of thermo-protection for their newborns could facilitate these practices. Those who fail to fully attend antenatal clinics should be targeted for newborn care education

Acute onset monoparesis in newly diagnosed patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus with poor glycemia

In newly diagnosed patients with diabetes with poor glycemia, presentation is sometimes acute onset monoparesis, which eventually improved with good glycemic control. To report an unusual patient with newly diagnosed diabetes whose initial manifestation was acute onset monoparesis. A 58-year old female patient with new onset type 2 diabetes mellitus with diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) who presented to us with acute onset monoparesis (right lower limb) lower motor neuron (LMN) type without bladder involvement, secondary to poor glycemia which eventually resolved with good glycemic control

Neuromyelitis optica and liver cirrhosis: an association or co-incidence

Neuromyelitis optica (NMO) is a rare central nervous system demyelination syndrome predominantly targeting optic nerves and the spinal cord. Here we present a middle-aged female presenting with new onset quadriparesis and a history of persistent splenomegaly and pancytopenia, eventually being diagnosed as NMO along with autoimmune cirrhosis. The association of NMO spectrum disorders (NMOSD) with chronic liver disease has not been previously described in the literature. The purpose of this case report is to bring forward an unusual presentation and to ascertain whether it could be part of a heterogenous spectrum of an autoimmune disorder, or merely a co-incidence

Electrooptic and Dielectric Studies in Cadmium Sulphide Nanorods/Ferroelectric Liquid Crystal Mixtures

We present the results based on the electrooptic and dielectric studies in cadmium sulphide (CdS) nanorods/ferroelectric liquid crystal mixtures. Doping of CdS nanorods increases the spontaneous polarization and response time, which due to large dipole-dipole interaction and increase in anchoring energies exists between nanorods and FLC molecules. Dielectric measurements revealed a decrease (~40% for 0.3% CdS in FLC) in permittivity and dielectric strength in doped sample cell than pure FLC mixture. A decrease in dc conductivity and relaxation frequency with doping concentration was also noticed. The preexponent factor and fractional exponent factor are found as predicated by existing theories

Limb Loss: Facts and statistics – Diabetes mellitus and vascular insufficiency, a real harbinger of major limb amputations – A cross-sectional study among amputees reporting to a tertiary care center

Background: Limb loss to amputation is a major problem, especially in developing countries where the majority of the cases are preventable. It is a burden, not just for the patient but also for their caregivers. Today, when amputation is necessary, surgery is undertaken with consideration for the functional aspects of the residual limb. The purpose of this study was to describe the etiology and characteristics of major limb amputees at a tertiary care center in North India. Methods: This prospective observational study was conducted by the Government Medical College Jammu, for 2 years. Eighty-one patients underwent major limb amputations in our hospital during the study. In this study, we studied several variables including age, sex, side of the limb, level of the amputation, and etiology. Results: In this study, dysvascular disease was the major reason of amputation, diabetes mellitus being the most common cause (39.5%), followed by trauma, with a male preponderance, with peaking at the age of 51–70 years. Lower limb is the most common with the predominance of transtibial amputation. Younger individuals who underwent amputation were mostly due to the trauma. The most common postoperative complication was surgical site infection (21%) and the most common organism cultured from the wound was Pseudomonas (50%). The most common additional procedure done was wound debridement. The mortality rate was 10% and the mean duration of hospital stay was 23 days. Conclusion: In contrast to declining rates of trauma-related and cancer-related amputations, we found evidence of a significant increase in the incidence of amputations due to diabetic foot syndrome. Overall, the risk of amputations increased with age. This was true for all etiologies and for both sexes. Males with an average age of 50 years are generally at higher risk for limb loss than women

Spontaneous third-degree Atrioventricular block in a diabetic patient – presenting as recurrent syncope.

Chronic uncontrolled hyperglycemia is associated with an increased incidence of coronary artery disease (CAD), cardiac failure, diabetic nephropathy, diabetic retinopathy, and associated mortality. A 72-year-old female presented to the OPD with multiple episodes of loss of consciousness for the past one month. The patient also had other comorbidities like hypertension, diabetes mellitus, and hypothyroidism. On systemic examination, her BP was 124/77 mmHg (supine) and 116/72 mmHg (standing), pulse rate was 56 beats per minute. She had a loss of vibration sense in both lower limbs up to the ankle. Fundus examination showed Non-proliferative diabetic retinopathy (NPDR). The rest of the systemic examination was clinically normal. Her HbA1C was 8.1%, and other routine investigations were within normal limits. Electrocardiography (ECG) showed sinus bradycardia. Echocardiography showed normal ventricular function with no evidence of ischemic heart disease. 24-hour Holter ECG revealed Sinus bradycardia with Intraventricular conduction defect (IVCD), third-degree AV block with junctional beats, and rare supra-ventricular ectopics. This is a case of Type 2 Diabetes mellitus with complete heart block (CHB) of spontaneous onset. Other causes of AV block have been ruled out, and it seems this case of CHB is possibly due to cardiac autonomic neuropathy (CAN). Multiple factors like the duration of diabetes, poor glycemic control, metabolic derangements, and genetic factors determine CAN. This case emphasizes that patients with type 2 diabetes without ischemic heart disease (IHD) can develop CHB spontaneously

Kimura disease: A rare cause of painless lymphadenopathy in South Asia

Kimura disease is an uncommon disease entity that typically involves the lymph nodes predominantly in the head and neck region together with frequent involvement of salivary glands. Very few cases of it have been reported in literature globally, and in the context of India, it is even rare. Early suspicion of Kimura disease may prevent the patient from unnecessary invasive diagnostic tests. We present a case scenario of a 35 years old female, from a hilly area who presented with painless neck swelling for 3 months that was followed by fever, new onset pain at the site of neck swelling, and skin rashes. Diagnosis of Kimura disease was made based on histopathological findings aided by peripheral eosinophilia and elevated serum Immunoglobulin E (IgE) levels. Following the diagnosis, the patient was treated with a short course of oral steroids which produced an excellent response with a consequent decrease in the size of lymph nodes and resolution of the skin rashes

Neutrosophic Rare alfa-Continuity

In this paper, we introduce the concepts of neutrosophic rare -continuous, neutrosophic rarely continuous, neutrosophic rarely pre-continuous, neutrosophic rarely semi-continuous<br>are introduced and studied in light of the concept of rare set in neutrosophic setting