59 research outputs found

    Cellular and Molecular Changes in Orthodontic Tooth Movement

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    Tooth movement induced by orthodontic treatment can cause sequential reactions involving the periodontal tissue and alveolar bone, resulting in the release of numerous substances from the dental tissues and surrounding structures. To better understand the biological processes involved in orthodontic treatment, improve treatment, and reduce adverse side effects, several of these substances have been proposed as biomarkers. Potential biological markers can be collected from different tissue samples, and suitable sampling is important to accurately reflect biological processes. This paper covers the tissue changes that are involved during orthodontic tooth movement such as at compression region (involving osteoblasts), tension region (involving osteoclasts), dental root, and pulp tissues. Besides, the involvement of stem cells and their development towards osteoblasts and osteoclasts during orthodontic treatment have also been explained. Several possible biomarkers representing these biological changes during specific phenomenon, that is, bone remodelling (formation and resorption), inflammation, and root resorption have also been proposed. The knowledge of these biomarkers could be used in accelerating orthodontic treatment

    Assessment of interradicular spaces for miniscrew placement in class 1 subjects / Nagham Al-Jaf, Rohaya Megat Abdul Wahab and Mohamed Ibrahim Abu Hassan

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    Objectives: To assess interradicular spaces of maxilla and mandible in subjects with class I sagittal skeletal relationship as an aid for miniscrew placement. Materials and Methods: The study was carried out using cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) images of 47 adult subjects with class I skeletal relationship. Interradicular spaces were obtained at the alveolar processes from first premolar to second molar at 2 different vertical levels (6 and 8mm) from the cementoenamel junction (C.E.J). Results: In the maxilla, the highest interradicular space existed between second premolar and first molar. In the mandible, the highest interradicular space existed between first and second molar. All mandibular measurements were higher than their respective maxillary measurement. Generally, availability of interradicular space increases apically in both arches, but the difference is not significant. In the maxilla, male subjects' measurement were significantly higher at 8 mm level between second premolar and first molar and between first and second molar Conclusions: Interradicular spaces in the maxillary and mandibular alveolar spaces are available for miniscrew placement. In both arches, a more apical location provides more interradicular space. However, careful planning is needed to avoid sinus perforation

    Scaffold selection for tissue engineering in dentistry

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    Tissue engineering aims to restore lost, damaged, diseased or defective tissues in the human body using engineered or regenerated products. The advancement of tissue engineering has given a promising opportunity for better clinical practice in treating dental patients especially in the fields of endodontic, bone and periodontal tissue as well as whole tooth regeneration. In this review, we briefly summarise the possible selection criteria of scaffolds for potential tissue engineering applications in dentistry. Biochemical and physical properties, as well as scaffolding approaches involved in the selection of an ideal scaffold for dental tissue engineering, are also discussed in this review. This review also discussed major applications of tissue engineering in the dentistry field, which can create a paradigm for future studies of tissue regeneration by using selected cells and scaffolds as an alternative treatment in dentistry

    Differentiation analyses of adult suspension mononucleated peripheral blood cells of Mus musculus

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    <p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>The purpose of this study is to determine whether isolated suspension mouse peripheral mononucleated blood cells have the potential to differentiate into two distinct types of cells, i.e., osteoblasts and osteoclasts.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>Differentiation into osteoblast cells was concomitant with the activation of the <it>Opn </it>gene, increment of alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity and the existence of bone nodules, whereas osteoclast cells activated the <it>Catk </it>gene, increment of tartrate resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP) activity and showed resorption activities via resorption pits. Morphology analyses showed the morphology of osteoblast and osteoclast cells after von Kossa and May-Grunwald-Giemsa staining respectively.</p> <p>Conclusions</p> <p>In conclusion, suspension mononucleated cells have the potentiality to differentiate into mature osteoblasts and osteoclasts, and hence can be categorized as multipotent stem cells.</p

    Potential differentiation of three types of primitive cells originated from different proliferation terms of mouse blood

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    The aim of this study was to differentiate central blood system mononucleated cells in vitro into osteoblast and osteoclast cells for three different proliferation terms of cells. The mononucleated cells were cultured in a selective proliferation medium for three different proliferation terms, i.e., short (5 days), medium (15 days) and long term (30 days) prior to analysis of osteoblast and osteoclast cellsā€™ differentiation potentialities. The proliferation medium was then supplemented with differentiation factors, i.e., ascorbic acid and Ī²-glycerophosphate to differentiate mononucleated cells into osteoblast cells. For osteoclast assay, RANKL and M-CSF were added into proliferation medium. For control, the same cells were used without supplementation of respective differentiation factors. The viability of differentiated cells from short, medium and long types of cells showed that they were able to survive until 10 to 14 days in the presence of respective differentiation factors without significant increased in the specific differentiation medium. Biochemical analyses on both alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and tartrate resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP) activities were significantly increased (p<0.05) once cultured in their respective differentiation medium. In conclusion, the three types of primitive cells have the same potentiality to differentiate into mature osteoblast and osteoclast cells even though the proliferation rates are different, i.e. 0.37, 0.55 and 0.72 division/day for short, medium and long term cells respectively. Mononucleated cells isolated from peripheral blood are primitive enough to differentiate into two distinct types of mature cells which originated from two different stem cells lineage hence can be categorized as multipotent stem cells

    Characterization of Mononucleated Human Peripheral Blood Cells

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    Unspecialized cells that can renew themselves and give rise to multiple differentiated cell types are termed stem cells. The objective of this study was to characterize and investigate, through molecular and biochemical analyses, the stemness of cells derived from isolated mononucleated cells that originated from peripheral blood. The isolated mononucleated cells were separated according to their physical characteristics (adherent and suspension), after 4 to 7 days into a 14-day culturing period in complete medium. Our results revealed that adherent and suspension cells were positive for mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) and hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) markers, respectively. Differentiation of adherent cells into osteoblasts was associated with expression of the OPN gene and increasing ALP enzyme activity, while differentiation of suspension cells into osteoclasts was associated with expression of the TRAP gene and increasing TRAP enzyme activity. In conclusion, molecular and biochemical analyses showed that mononucleated cells consist of MSC (adherent) and HSC (suspension), and both cell types are able to differentiate into specialized cells from their respective lineage: osteoblast (MSC) and osteoclast (HSC)

    Stem Cell Heterogeneity of Mononucleated Cells from Murine Peripheral Blood: Molecular Analysis

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    The main purpose of this paper was to determine the heterogeneity of primary isolated mononucleated cells that originated from the peripheral blood system by observing molecular markers. The isolated cells were cultured in complete medium for 4 to 7 days prior to the separation of different cell types, that is, adherent and suspension. Following a total culture time of 14 days, adherent cells activated the Cd105 gene while suspension cells activated the Sca-1 gene. Both progenitor markers, Cbfa-1 and Ostf-1, were inactivated in both suspension and adherent cells after 14-day culture compared to cells cultured 3 days in designated differentiation medium. In conclusion, molecular analyses showed that primary mononucleated cells are heterogeneous, consisting of hematopoietic stem cells (suspension) and mesenchymal stem cells (adherent) while both cells contained no progenitor cells

    Orthodontic considerations in bone graft selection for alveolar cleft repair

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    The enthusiastic development of non-autogenous bone graft materials to correct oral cleft defects in dentistry is founded on arguments of post-operative morbidity and quantity limitation when using conventional iliac crest bone grafts. While success in tooth movement is usually reported for the grafted extraction socket, the results cannot be extrapolated to congenital alveolar clefts as there are differences in terms of vasculature and soft tissue support. This paper provides an overview of the dental and skeletal anomalies in cleft patients, followed by the orthodontic implications of cleft correction and, lastly, a review of the available evidence in bone grafts used for alveolar clefts alone. The non-autogenous grafts used are derived from another human (allografts), animal (xenografts), synthetic bones (alloplasts) or the latest tissue-engineered graft material. The main advantage of using these grafts is a reduction in the number of operative sites. The drawbacks are cost, reduced tooth movement, possibility of root resorption and host reaction. Tissue-engineered grafts seem promising but there is still a lack of clinical trials in human subjects. Important properties related to orthodontics are the graft resorption rate, along with the effect on root resorption and tooth movement rate. To date, autogenous bone grafts remain the first choice for cleft repair

    Molecular Markers of Dental Pulp Tissue during Orthodontic Tooth Movement: A Pilot Study

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    Three specific orthodontic tooth movement genes, that is, FCRL1, HSPG2, and LAMB2 were detected at upper first premolar (with appliance) dental pulp tissue by using GeneFishing technique as compared to lower first premolar (without appliance). These three differentially expressed genes have the potential as molecular markers during orthodontic tooth movement by looking at molecular changes of pulp tissue
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