Proliferation of neonatal and adlult cultured human airway smooth muscle cells in the presence of pro-inflammatory stimuli.

<p>Results are means ± SEM. Values were normalized to proliferation in ITS medium. Cells cultured in 100 ng/ml IL-4 (black bars, adults; white bars, neonates)), IL-6, TNFalpha or 10^-4M Histamine, SLIGKV were assayed 24 following synchronization in ITS medium. There were no significant difference between the 2 age groups regarding all experimental conditions (N = 3 to 6 per group, Mann-Whitney U-test).</p

Effect of mitochondrial metabolism (aerobic glycolysis) on ASMC proliferation.

<p><b>A. Cell count according to the presence of glucose or not (galactose) in the culture medium.</b> Results are means ± SEM. In galactose + 10% FCS medium, proliferation of neonatal ASMC (open circles, n = 6) is still present, unlike in adult ASMC (closed circles, n = 4). *<i>p < 0</i>.<i>05</i> neonate vs. adult at the corresponding time using MANOVA. <b>B. DNA synthesis according to the presence or absence of glucose in the culture medium.</b> Values are means ± SEM. After 24h in a glucose-free (galactose) medium, neonatal ASMC (white bars, n = 5), DNA synthesis is still present, in contrast with adult ASMC (black bars, n = 3). *<i>p</i> < 0.05 using Mann-Whitney U-test.</p

Cytosolic calcium response to histamine (10^-5M) on day 1 of ITS medium.

<p>Mean ± SEM. N = 6 (Neonate) and 3 (Adult). Comparisons between populations using Mann & Whitney U-test.</p><p>Cytosolic calcium response to histamine (10^-5M) on day 1 of ITS medium.</p

Patients’ characteristics.

<p>*CLE: Congenital lobar emphysema, non-ventilated patient; FEF_25–75: forced expiratory flow between 25% and 75% of forced vital capacity; FEV1: forced expiratory volume in 1 second; PO₂: arterial partial pressure of oxygen; RDS: Respiratory Distress Syndrome; RV: residual volume; %: percentage of predicted values; sGaw: specific airway conductance; TLC: total lung capacity.</p><p>Patients’ characteristics.</p

Proliferation of neonatal and adult cultured human airway smooth muscle cells in the presence of FCS and PDGF-AA.

<p><b>A. Cell counts according to time.</b> Results are means ± SEM. In glucose + 10% FCS medium, ASMC proliferation was greater in neonatal cells (open symbols, n = 5) vs. adult cells (closed symbols, n = 5). *<i>p</i> < 0.05 neonate vs. adult at the corresponding time using MANOVA. <b>B. DNA synthesis in adult and neonatal cultured human airway smooth muscle cells.</b> Results are means ± SEM. Values were normalized to proliferation in ITS medium. Cells cultured in 10% FCS (white bars, neonates, n = 5; black bars, adults, n = 7)), 15 ng/ml PDGF-AA (neonate, n = 4; adults, n = 10). *<i>p</i> < 0.05 using Mann-Whitney U-test.</p

Porin expression according to age groups.

<p><b>A. Immunoblot for porin and actin in neonatal and adult ASMC. B. Expression of porin in human cultured ASMC.</b> A significant difference between the two cell populations after incubation in ITS medium for 1 day was found (neonates, white bars, n = 4 and adults, black bars, n = 3, *<i>p < 0</i>.<i>05</i> neonate vs. adult using Mann-Whitney U-test.</p

Description of the 3 asthmatic mouse models.

<p>Data are means ± standard error of the mean. P-values were obtained using Wilcoxon-Mann-Whitney rank sum test. BAL: bronchoalveolar lavage.</p

Bland-Altman analysis of manual and semi-automatic methods for peribronchial attenuation (PBA) measurements.

<p>A) Correlation of peribronchial mean attenuation (PBA) between the two methods. Dashed line represents the line of equality. Solid line corresponds to the regression line. B) Means of measurement between the two methods are plotted against their differences. Solid line corresponds to the mean difference. Dashed lines correspond to the mean difference ±2 standard deviations. C) Means of measurement between the two methods are plotted against their standard deviations.</p

Comparison of Penh and lung resistance.

<p>A) Bronchial hyperresponsiveness (BHR) to methacholine was determined at Day 75 in unrestrained conscious mice by single-chamber plethysmography. The results were expressed as a ratio of Penh measured in response to 8 mg/ml methacholine to that with normal saline. B) Bronchial hyperresponsiveness (BHR) to methacholine was also determined at Day 77 in anaesthetised and intubated animals by invasive plethysmography. The results were expressed as a ratio of LR measured in response to 8 mg/ml methacholine to that with normal saline. Results from control (white bars) and OVA-sensitized mice (black bars) are presented.</p

Correlation matrix between micro-CT bronchial parameters and plethysmographic, BAL and histological data.

<p>Data are Spearman rank correlation coefficients. Data in parentheses are P-values.</p><p>BAL: bronchoalveolar lavage. PBA: peribronchial mean attenuation, Normalized PBA corresponds to 1– PBA/total lung mean attenuation.</p