An overlooked connection: serotonergic mediation of estrogen-related physiology and pathology

BACKGROUND: In humans, serotonin has typically been investigated as a neurotransmitter. However, serotonin also functions as a hormone across animal phyla, including those lacking an organized central nervous system. This hormonal action allows serotonin to have physiological consequences in systems outside the central nervous system. Fluctuations in estrogen levels over the lifespan and during ovarian cycles cause predictable changes in serotonin systems in female mammals. DISCUSSION: We hypothesize that some of the physiological effects attributed to estrogen may be a consequence of estrogen-related changes in serotonin efficacy and receptor distribution. Here, we integrate data from endocrinology, molecular biology, neuroscience, and epidemiology to propose that serotonin may mediate the effects of estrogen. In the central nervous system, estrogen influences pain transmission, headache, dizziness, nausea, and depression, all of which are known to be a consequence of serotonergic signaling. Outside of the central nervous system, estrogen produces changes in bone density, vascular function, and immune cell self-recognition and activation that are consistent with serotonin's effects. For breast cancer risk, our hypothesis predicts heretofore unexplained observations of the opposing effects of obesity pre- and post-menopause and the increase following treatment with hormone replacement therapy using medroxyprogesterone. SUMMARY: Serotonergic mediation of estrogen has important clinical implications and warrants further evaluation

Influence of resistance training on serum lipid and lipoprotein concentrations in young men and women

De 21ste eeuw is de eeuw van de stad: sinds het begin van het millennium woont meer dan de helft van de wereldbevolking insteden. Nadenken over de stad is dan ook van groot belang. Wat is een stad eigenlijk? Welke rol spelen economie, politiek en ruimte in de stedelijke ontwikkeling? Hoe beleven bewoners en bezoekers de stad? Hoe gaan stadsbestuurders om met pluriformiteit en duurzaamheid? En waarin verschillen steden in het Globale Zuiden van die in Europa? Deze en tal van andere vragen worden in dit inleidende studieboek beantwoord aan de hand van theoretische inzichten, recente onderzoeksresultaten en praktijkvoorbeelden. Zo maakt de lezer kennis met het denken van Foucault, Simmel en Sennett, terwijl hij tevens een bezoek brengt aan tuindorpen, smart cities en de straten van Yogyakarta. Visies op de stad is bestemd voor studenten van universiteiten, hogescholen en trainingsinstituten, maar ook voor iedereen die meer wil weten over de fascinerende wereld van de stad

Effect of different stretching strategies on the kinetics of vertical jumping in female volleyball athletes

Purpose: The present study aimed to examine the effect of static stretching (SS) and a sport-specific dynamic stretching (DS) session at two specific post-stretch time intervals in highly trained female athletes (age 19.90 ± 1.60 years; height 1.80 ± 0.06 m; mass 76.87 ± 9.95 kg) on kinetic parameters of peak force, time-to-takeoff, and rate of force development. Methods: The data were collected over 3 days (randomized within subject design with control session). Following each stretch session (SS vs. DS vs. control) of equal duration (7 min total: 30 s per targeted muscle group) participants performed countermovement jumping on a force platform at 1 and 15 min after stretching. Results: The DS session significantly improved upon kinetic variables of rate of force development, peak force, and time-to-takeoff relative to SS at 1 min after stretching. No significant effect was found at 15 min. Conclusion: Together these findings suggest that when training and competing to jump quickly and maximally the female athlete should incorporate DS instead of SS as part of their pre-competition warm-up, but conduct performance within 15 min of their warm-up to elicit maximal gains