Number of daily observed copulating females in a population of <i>L. undecimlineata</i>.

<p>Observations were carried out between July 21 (day 0) and November 7 (day 95), 2004. Dashed lines define four 20-day periods between days 6 and 85 (in which the first and last mating couples were observed), used to analyze temporal fluctuation in the reproductive dynamics of the population.</p

The strength of sexual selection in <i>L. undecimlineata</i>.

<p>Standardized mating differentials (<i>m</i>’) and bootstrap 95% confidence intervals for male size (<b>A</b>) and mobility (<b>B</b>) in each period and the whole reproductive season. None of the standardized mating differentials on male size differed from random expectations (dashed horizontal line at y = 0) in any period or the whole season. Male mobility (plants occupied per day observed) showed negative values significantly different from random expectations in periods 2 and 3, and the whole season. Males that moved less had higher mating success.</p

The opportunity for sexual selection in <i>L. undecimlineata</i>.

<p>Estimates and bootstrap 95% confidence intervals of the opportunity for sexual selection among successful males (<i>I</i>_harem), the opportunity for sexual selection (<i>I</i>_mates) derived from the relationship between the number of mated females per successful male (<i>m</i>), the variance in mating success among successful males (<i>V</i>_harem) and among all males (<i>V</i>_mates); its value adjusted (<i>I</i>_mates(adj)) to sex ratio (R) mean spatial female crowding around males (<i>m*</i>), and the opportunity for sexual selection derived from female receptive phenology (<i>I</i>_mates(phen)) in each period (squares) and for the whole season (circles). <b>A–D</b>) observed values (open markers) and values expected under random mating (solid markers). <b>E–H</b>) the ratio between observed and randomly expected values (O/RE) from the null model of each estimate. The dashed horizontal lines at y = 1 represent no difference between observed and randomly expected values (O/RE  = 1). All four estimates of <i>I</i> for period 2, and two (<i>I</i>_mates(adj) and <i>I</i>_mates(phen)) for period 3, are significantly higher than random expectations. The opportunity for sexual selection for both estimates that factor in sex ratio (<i>I</i>_mates(adj) and <i>I</i>_mates(phen)) resulted in significantly higher randomly expected values for periods 1, 2 and 3. Relatively fewer mating events in period 4 due to lower density in the population and a decrease in reproductive behavior resulted in much larger confidence intervals.</p

Minimal GLM model for number of fighting males in a population of <i>L. undecimlineata.</i>

<p>Minimal GLM model for number of fighting males in a population of <i>L. undecimlineata.</i></p

Male fighting in <i>L. undecimlieneata.</i>

<p>Fighter (<b>A</b>) and fight (<b>B</b>) frequency throughout the reproductive season (n = 20 days in all periods). Median, quartiles and extreme values are represented. Both the number of fighters and fight frequency peaked in period 2 (<a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0038315#pone-0038315-t003" target="_blank">Tables 3</a>,<a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0038315#pone-0038315-t004" target="_blank">4</a>).</p

Variance in male mating success in <i>L. undecimlineata</i>.

<p>Estimates and bootstrap 95% confidence intervals of variance in mating success among successful males (<i>V</i>_harem) and among all males (<i>V</i>_mates) in each period (squares) and for the whole season (circles). <b>A–D</b>) observed values (open markers) and values expected under random mating (solid markers). <b>E–H</b>) the ratio between observed and randomly expected values (O/RE) from the null model of each estimate. The dashed horizontal lines at y = 1 represent no difference between observed and randomly expected values (O/RE  = 1). Variances in male mating success among successful males (<i>V</i>_harem), and among all males (<i>V</i>_mates) were significantly higher than expected under random mating for period 2, barely higher for period 1, and not different or even significantly lower than random expectations in period 3.</p

Covariance across temporal intervals in male mating success and sex ratio in <i>L. undecimlineata.</i>

<p>Observed values represented by open markers, randomly expected values represented by solid markers, 95% bootstrap confidence intervals represented by lines and random expectations represented by dashed horizontal line at y = 0. <b>A</b>) Covariance across temporal intervals in male mating success which includes the temporal and spatial variation of sex ratio (<i>Cov</i>_(phen) ×10⁻²). Only the observed value for period 4 differed from random expectations although no differences were observed among periods or to the whole season. <b>B</b>) Sex ratio (R), the number of receptive females to total males; there were no significant differences among periods while the value for the whole season was significantly different from periods 3 and 4.</p

Estimates of the opportunity for sexual selection based on female reproductive phenology in <i>L. undecimlineata</i>.

<p>Estimates of the opportunity for sexual selection based on female reproductive phenology in <i>L. undecimlineata</i>.</p

Minimal GLM model for number of fights in a population of <i>L. undecimlineata.</i>

<p>Minimal GLM model for number of fights in a population of <i>L. undecimlineata.</i></p

Mating and oviposition in <i>L. undecimlineata</i>.

<p>Male and gravid female in copula (notice aedeagus intromission) next to a batch of eggs recently laid by the female under a leaf of the host plant <i>Solanum lanceolatum</i>.</p