Costs analysis of a population level rabies control programme in Tamil Nadu, India

The study aimed to determine costs to the state government of implementing different interventions for controlling rabies among the entire human and animal populations of Tamil Nadu. This built upon an earlier assessment of Tamil Nadu’s efforts to control rabies. Anti-rabies vaccines were made available at all health facilities. Costs were estimated for five different combinations of animal and human interventions using an activity-based costing approach from the provider perspective. Disease and population data were sourced from the state surveillance data, human census and livestock census. Program costs were extrapolated from official documents. All capital costs were depreciated to estimate annualized costs. All costs were inflated to 2012 Rupees. Sensitivity analysis was conducted across all major cost centres to assess their relative impact on program costs. It was found that the annual costs of providing Anti-rabies vaccine alone and in combination with Immunoglobulins was \$0.7 million (Rs 36 million) and \$2.2 million (Rs 119 million), respectively. For animal sector interventions, the annualised costs of rolling out surgical sterilisation-immunization, injectable immunization and oral immunizations were estimated to be \$ 44 million (Rs 2,350 million), \$23 million (Rs 1,230 million) and \$ 11 million (Rs 590 million), respectively. Dog bite incidence, health systems coverage and cost of rabies biologicals were found to be important drivers of costs for human interventions. For the animal sector interventions, the size of dog catching team, dog population and vaccine costs were found to be driving the costs. Rabies control in Tamil Nadu seems a costly proposition the way it is currently structured. Policy makers in Tamil Nadu and other similar settings should consider the long-term financial sustainability before embarking upon a state or nation-wide rabies control programme

Costs analysis of a population level rabies control programme in Tamil Nadu, India

The study aimed to determine costs to the state government of implementing different interventions for controlling rabies among the entire human and animal populations of Tamil Nadu. This built upon an earlier assessment of Tamil Nadu’s efforts to control rabies. Anti-rabies vaccines were made available at all health facilities. Costs were estimated for five different combinations of animal and human interventions using an activity-based costing approach from the provider perspective. Disease and population data were sourced from the state surveillance data, human census and livestock census. Program costs were extrapolated from official documents. All capital costs were depreciated to estimate annualized costs. All costs were inflated to 2012 Rupees. Sensitivity analysis was conducted across all major cost centres to assess their relative impact on program costs. It was found that the annual costs of providing Anti-rabies vaccine alone and in combination with Immunoglobulins was \$0.7 million (Rs 36 million) and \$2.2 million (Rs 119 million), respectively. For animal sector interventions, the annualised costs of rolling out surgical sterilisation-immunization, injectable immunization and oral immunizations were estimated to be \$ 44 million (Rs 2,350 million), \$23 million (Rs 1,230 million) and \$ 11 million (Rs 590 million), respectively. Dog bite incidence, health systems coverage and cost of rabies biologicals were found to be important drivers of costs for human interventions. For the animal sector interventions, the size of dog catching team, dog population and vaccine costs were found to be driving the costs. Rabies control in Tamil Nadu seems a costly proposition the way it is currently structured. Policy makers in Tamil Nadu and other similar settings should consider the long-term financial sustainability before embarking upon a state or nation-wide rabies control programme

20 year cost projections and total cost for ABC-AR, injectable vaccination, oral vaccination, and injectable vaccination and contraception animal rabies interventions in Tamil Nadu.

<p>20 year cost projections and total cost for ABC-AR, injectable vaccination, oral vaccination, and injectable vaccination and contraception animal rabies interventions in Tamil Nadu.</p

Cost drivers for state-wide human rabies interventions (in 2012 Million US$): A. Antirabies virus and Antibody immunization program; B. Antirabies vaccine only program (Y axis represents intervention costs for base case scenario).

<p>Cost drivers for state-wide human rabies interventions (in 2012 Million US$): A. Antirabies virus and Antibody immunization program; B. Antirabies vaccine only program (Y axis represents intervention costs for base case scenario).</p

Cost drivers for state-wide animal rabies interventions (in 2012 Million US$): A. Canine Animal Birth Control & Immunization program; B. Canine Injectable vaccination program; C. Canine Oral vaccination programme (Y axis represents intervention costs for Base Case Scenario).

<p>Cost drivers for state-wide animal rabies interventions (in 2012 Million US$): A. Canine Animal Birth Control & Immunization program; B. Canine Injectable vaccination program; C. Canine Oral vaccination programme (Y axis represents intervention costs for Base Case Scenario).</p

Projected costs (in million US$) from 2012 to 2032 for four different animal sector interventions for rabies control in Tamil Nadu: ABC-AR; injectable vaccination; oral vaccination; and injectable vaccination cum contraception.

<p>Projected costs (in million US$) from 2012 to 2032 for four different animal sector interventions for rabies control in Tamil Nadu: ABC-AR; injectable vaccination; oral vaccination; and injectable vaccination cum contraception.</p

Total annual costs of implementing human and animal rabies control interventions in Tamil Nadu in 2012.

<p>Total annual costs of implementing human and animal rabies control interventions in Tamil Nadu in 2012.</p

Comparative effectiveness of alternative intervals between first and second doses of the mRNA COVID-19 vaccines

The optimal interval between the first and second doses of COVID-19 mRNA vaccines has not been thoroughly evaluated. Employing a target trial emulation approach, we compared the effectiveness of different interdose intervals among &gt;6 million mRNA vaccine recipients in Georgia, USA, from December 2020 to March 2022. We compared three protocols defined by interdose interval: recommended by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) (17-25 days for Pfizer-BioNTech; 24-32 days for Moderna), late-but-allowable (26-42 days for Pfizer-BioNTech; 33-49 days for Moderna), and late ( ≥ 43 days for Pfizer-BioNTech; ≥50 days for Moderna). In the short-term, the risk of SARS-CoV-2 infection was lowest under the FDA-recommended protocol. Longer-term, the late-but-allowable protocol resulted in the lowest risk (risk ratio on Day 120 after the first dose administration compared to the FDA-recommended protocol: 0.83 [95% confidence interval: 0.82-0.84]). Here, we showed that delaying the second dose by 1-2 weeks may provide stronger long-term protection