11,744 research outputs found
Direct measurement of the size of 2003 UB313 from the Hubble Space Telescope
We have used the Hubble Space Telescope to directly measure the angular size
of the large Kuiper belt object 2003 UB313. By carefully calibrating the point
spread function of a nearby field star, we measure the size of 2003 UB313 to be
34.31.4 milliarcseconds, corresponding to a diameter of 2400100 km or
a size % larger than Pluto. The V band geometric albedo of 2003 UB313 is
%. The extremely high albedo is consistent with the frosty methane
spectrum, the lack of red coloring, and the lack of observed photometric
variation on the surface of 2003 UB313. Methane photolysis should quickly
darken the surface of 2003 UB313, but continuous evaporation and redeposition
of surface ices appears capable of maintaining the extreme alebdo of this body
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Large-effect flowering time mutations reveal conditionally adaptive paths through fitness landscapes in Arabidopsis thaliana.
Contrary to previous assumptions that most mutations are deleterious, there is increasing evidence for persistence of large-effect mutations in natural populations. A possible explanation for these observations is that mutant phenotypes and fitness may depend upon the specific environmental conditions to which a mutant is exposed. Here, we tested this hypothesis by growing large-effect flowering time mutants of Arabidopsis thaliana in multiple field sites and seasons to quantify their fitness effects in realistic natural conditions. By constructing environment-specific fitness landscapes based on flowering time and branching architecture, we observed that a subset of mutations increased fitness, but only in specific environments. These mutations increased fitness via different paths: through shifting flowering time, branching, or both. Branching was under stronger selection, but flowering time was more genetically variable, pointing to the importance of indirect selection on mutations through their pleiotropic effects on multiple phenotypes. Finally, mutations in hub genes with greater connectedness in their regulatory networks had greater effects on both phenotypes and fitness. Together, these findings indicate that large-effect mutations may persist in populations because they influence traits that are adaptive only under specific environmental conditions. Understanding their evolutionary dynamics therefore requires measuring their effects in multiple natural environments
Correspondence between geometrical and differential definitions of the sine and cosine functions and connection with kinematics
In classical physics, the familiar sine and cosine functions appear in two
forms: (1) geometrical, in the treatment of vectors such as forces and
velocities, and (2) differential, as solutions of oscillation and wave
equations. These two forms correspond to two different definitions of
trigonometric functions, one geometrical using right triangles and unit
circles, and the other employing differential equations. Although the two
definitions must be equivalent, this equivalence is not demonstrated in
textbooks. In this manuscript, the equivalence between the geometrical and the
differential definition is presented assuming no a priori knowledge of the
properties of sine and cosine functions. We start with the usual length
projections on the unit circle and use elementary geometry and elementary
calculus to arrive to harmonic differential equations. This more general and
abstract treatment not only reveals the equivalence of the two definitions but
also provides an instructive perspective on circular and harmonic motion as
studied in kinematics. This exercise can help develop an appreciation of
abstract thinking in physics.Comment: 6 pages including 1 figur
Automated identification of neurons and their locations
Individual locations of many neuronal cell bodies (>10^4) are needed to
enable statistically significant measurements of spatial organization within
the brain such as nearest-neighbor and microcolumnarity measurements. In this
paper, we introduce an Automated Neuron Recognition Algorithm (ANRA) which
obtains the (x,y) location of individual neurons within digitized images of
Nissl-stained, 30 micron thick, frozen sections of the cerebral cortex of the
Rhesus monkey. Identification of neurons within such Nissl-stained sections is
inherently difficult due to the variability in neuron staining, the overlap of
neurons, the presence of partial or damaged neurons at tissue surfaces, and the
presence of non-neuron objects, such as glial cells, blood vessels, and random
artifacts. To overcome these challenges and identify neurons, ANRA applies a
combination of image segmentation and machine learning. The steps involve
active contour segmentation to find outlines of potential neuron cell bodies
followed by artificial neural network training using the segmentation
properties (size, optical density, gyration, etc.) to distinguish between
neuron and non-neuron segmentations. ANRA positively identifies 86[5]% neurons
with 15[8]% error (mean[st.dev.]) on a wide range of Nissl-stained images,
whereas semi-automatic methods obtain 80[7]%/17[12]%. A further advantage of
ANRA is that it affords an unlimited increase in speed from semi-automatic
methods, and is computationally efficient, with the ability to recognize ~100
neurons per minute using a standard personal computer. ANRA is amenable to
analysis of huge photo-montages of Nissl-stained tissue, thereby opening the
door to fast, efficient and quantitative analysis of vast stores of archival
material that exist in laboratories and research collections around the world.Comment: 38 pages. Formatted for two-sided printing. Supplemental material and
software available at http://physics.bu.edu/~ainglis/ANRA
Resiliency and women exiting sex trade industry work
Summary: A qualitative approach was used to explore the experience of exiting sex trade industry work from the perspective of 19 adults formerly involved in the sex trade industry. A narrative approach to data collection was used explore the participants’ experiences of successful exiting and phenomenological analysis was employed to identify themes that reflected the ways in which participants developed resiliency throughout the exiting process.
Findings: Themes include: connection (including subthemes: survivor presence, children, and spirituality), resources (including subthemes: networks, structure and safety) and personal growth.
Significance: These themes represent women with diverse experiences in the sex trade industry, including a majority who were victimized by (internal) sex trafficking. The findings demonstrate opportunities for social work practice to address the diverse needs
of individuals exiting the sex trade industry, specifically for those who experienced sex
trafficking and sexual exploitation
The impact of viscosity on the morphology of gaseous flows in semidetached binary systems
Results of 3D gas dynamical simulation of mass transfer in binaries are
presented for systems with various values of viscosity. Analysis of obtained
solutions shows that in the systems with low value of viscosity the flow
structure is qualitatively similar to one for systems with high viscosity.
Presented calculations confirm that there is no shock interaction between the
stream from L1 and the forming accretion disk (`hot spot') at any value of
viscosity.Comment: LaTeX, 18 pages, 15 eps-figures, Astron. Reports, in pres
Responses of Amblyomma americanum and Dermacentor variabilis to Odorants That Attract Haematophagous Insects
Carbon dioxide (CO2), 1-octen-3-ol, acetone, ammonium hydroxide, L-lactic-acid, dimethyl trisulphide and isobutyric acid were tested as attractants for two tick species, Amblyomma americanum and Dermacentor variabilis (Acari: Ixodidae), in doseresponse bioassays using Y-tube olfactometers. Only CO2, acetone, 1-octen-3-ol and ammonium hydroxide elicited significant preferences from adult A. americanum, and only CO2 was attractive to adult D. variabilis. Acetone, 1-octen-3-ol and ammonium hydroxide were separately evaluated at three doses against CO2 (from dry ice) at a field site supporting a natural population of A. americanum nymphs and adults. Carbon dioxide consistently attracted the highest number of host-seeking ticks. However, for the first time, acetone, 1-octen-3-ol and ammonium hydroxide were shown to attract high numbers of A. americanum. Further research is needed to determine the utility of these semiochemicals as attractants in tick surveillance and area-wide management programmes
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