A importância de ser Uros: movimentos indígenas, políticas de identidade e pesquisa genética nos Andes Peruanos

O objetivo deste artigo é explorar as inter-relações entre a pesquisa genética, as lutas políticas de movimentos indígenas e os processos de formação de identidade étnica. Em particular, visa analisar as condições sociais que levaram à colaboração entre os uros, um grupo indígena que habita as ilhas flutuantes do lago Titicaca (Peru), e pesquisadores do projeto Genográfico. Os uros, cujas reivindicações de uma identidade étnica diferenciada eram altamente contestadas no âmbito local, se associaram aos geneticistas com o objetivo de obter um apoio científico para a afirmação dessa identidade e como parte das suas estratégias políticas e demandas territoriais. Assim, esse caso contribui ao maior entendimento da incorporação da pesquisa genética dentro de políticas conceituais travadas em torno das identidades étnicas, bem como da articulação do conhecimento genético com registros preexistentes para definir tais identidadesThe objective of this paper is to explore the interrelations between genetic research with human populations, the political strategies of indigenous movements and processes of identity formation. In particular, it will analyse the social conditions that have resulted in the collaboration between the Uros, an indigenous group living on the floating islands of Lake Titicaca (Peru), and researchers of the Genographic project. The Uros, whose claims to a differentiated ethnic identity were highly contested within the local context, engaged with geneticists with the aim to obtain scientific support for this identity. This was part of their political strategies for their territorial rights. As such, this case offers new insights into the incorporation of genetic research within the conceptual politics waged around ethnic identities, as well as the articulation of genetic knowledge with pre-existing registers to define such identitie

High-Throughput Sequencing of a South American Amerindian

The emergence of next-generation sequencing technologies allowed access to the vast amounts of information that are contained in the human genome. This information has contributed to the understanding of individual and population-based variability and improved the understanding of the evolutionary history of different human groups. However, the genome of a representative of the Amerindian populations had not been previously sequenced. Thus, the genome of an individual from a South American tribe was completely sequenced to further the understanding of the genetic variability of Amerindians. A total of 36.8 giga base pairs (Gbp) were sequenced and aligned with the human genome. These Gbp corresponded to 95.92% of the human genome with an estimated miscall rate of 0.0035 per sequenced bp. The data obtained from the alignment were used for SNP (single-nucleotide) and INDEL (insertion-deletion) calling, which resulted in the identification of 502,017 polymorphisms, of which 32,275 were potentially new high-confidence SNPs and 33,795 new INDELs, specific of South Native American populations. The authenticity of the sample as a member of the South Native American populations was confirmed through the analysis of the uniparental (maternal and paternal) lineages. The autosomal comparison distinguished the investigated sample from others continental populations and revealed a close relation to the Eastern Asian populations and Aboriginal Australian. Although, the findings did not discard the classical model of America settlement; it brought new insides to the understanding of the human population history. The present study indicates a remarkable genetic variability in human populations that must still be identified and contributes to the understanding of the genetic variability of South Native American populations and of the human populations history