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    Experimental Lachesis muta rhombeata envenomation and effects of soursop (Annona muricata) as natural antivenom

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    Abstract\ud \ud Background\ud In the Atlantic forest of the North and Northeast regions of Brazil, local population often uses the fruit juice and the aqueous extract of leaves of soursop (Annona muricata L.) to treat Lachesis muta rhombeata envenomation. Envenomation is a relevant health issue in these areas, especially due to its severity and because the production and distribution of antivenom is limited in these regions. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the relevance of the use of soursop leaf extract and its juice against envenomation by Lachesis muta rhombeata.\ud \ud \ud Methods\ud We evaluated the biochemical, hematological and hemostatic parameters, the blood pressure, the inflammation process and the lethality induced by Lachesis muta rhombeata snake venom. We also assessed the action of the aqueous extract of leaves (AmL) and juice (AmJ) from A. muricata on the animal organism injected with L. m. rhombeata venom (LmrV) in the laboratory environment.\ud \ud \ud Results\ud LmrV induced a decrease of total protein, albumin and glucose; and increase of creatine kinase, aspartate aminotransferase, and urea concentrations. It provoked hemoconcentration followed by reduction of hematocrit, an increase in prothrombin time and partial thromboplastin time and a decrease of the blood pressure. LmrV induced the release of interleukin-6, an increase in neutrophils and changes in the serum protein profile, characteristic of the acute inflammatory process. LD50 values were similar for the groups injected with LmrV and treated or untreated with AmJ and AmL. Both treatments play a role on the maintenance of blood glucose, urea and coagulation parameters and exert a protective action against the myotoxicity. However, they seem to worsen the hypotension caused by LmrV.\ud \ud \ud Conclusion\ud The treatments with AmJ and AmL present some beneficial actions, but they might intensify some effects of the venom. Therefore, additional studies on A. muricata are necessary to enable its use as natural antivenom for bushmaster snakebite.The authors are grateful to Dr. Marcelo Dias Baruffi, Luisa Helena Dias Costa,\ud Luciana Prado Turin, and Laboratory of Clinical Analysis of School of\ud Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto for assistance in clinical analysis. This\ud study was supported by the following grants: the São Paulo Research\ud Foundation (FAPESP, grant no. 2005/54855–0 and doctoral scholarship to FAC\ud 2012/13590–8), the National Council for Scientific and Technological\ud Development (CNPq, masters scholarship to CMC 143472/2011–9) and\ud Research Support Center in Animal Toxins (NAP-TOXAN-USP, grant no. 12-\ud 125432.1.3). Thanks are also due to the Center for the Study of Venoms and\ud Venomous Animals (CEVAP) of UNESP for enabling the publication of this paper\ud (CAPES, grant no\ud . 23038.006285/2011–21, AUXPE – Toxinologia – 1219/2011)
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