Toward sustainable wax extraction from the Saccharum officinarum L. filter cake byproduct: process optimization, physicochemical characterization, and antioxidant performance

Saccharum officinarum L. exploitation and processing result in different byproducts, such as filter cake (FC). This study aimed to establish the most suitable experimental conditions to obtain lipophilic bioactive compounds from FC industrial residues, considering their high efficiency, cost-effectiveness, extraction yield, composition, and physicochemical properties. Results indicated that the most appropriate methodology consisted of the pretreatment of the FC sample with H2SO4, followed by ethanolic extraction (B6 method), avoiding energy-consumption FC drying steps and providing ethanol recovery (approx. 90%). The obtained B6 extract yield was 9.59 ± 0.27 g/100 g of FC dry weight, and this methodology proved to be more efficient in obtaining fatty alcohols (20.28 ± 1.48 g/kg extract) and phytosterols (31.56 ± 0.18 g/kg extract) while maintaining lower total monosaccharide concentration (26.19 ± 1.82 mg/g extract). Furthermore, the geographically related multivariate analysis in wax composition and antioxidant activity was evaluated by comparing B6 waxes from Guariba (G) and Univalem (U), both provided by Brazil and collected in June 2020. Overall, the wax composition is affected, but the antioxidant activity is uncompromised, which indicates that the optimized wax extraction method can be applied to FC.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Bioactive sugarcane lipids in a circular economy context

Most of the global sugar and ethanol supply trade comes from the harvesting of Saccharum officinarum (i.e., sugarcane). Its industrial processing results in numerous by-products and waste streams, such as tops, straw, filter cake, molasses and bagasse. The recovery of lipids (i.e., octacosanol, phytosterols, long-chain aldehydes and triterpenoids) from these residues is an excellent starting point for the development of new products for various application fields, such as health and well-being, representing an important feature of the circular economy. By selecting green scalable extraction procedures, industry can reduce its environmental impact. Refluxed ethanol extraction methods have been demonstrated to meet these characteristics. On the other hand, effective non-solvent methodologies such as molecular distillation and supercritical CO2 extraction can fractionate lipids based on high temperature and pressure application with similar yields. Sugarcane lipophilic extracts are usually analyzed through gas chromatography (GC) and liquid chromatography (LC) techniques. In many cases, the identification of such compounds involves the development of high-temperature GC–MS/FID techniques. On the other hand, for the identification and quantification of thermolabile lipids, LC–MS techniques are suitable for the separation and identification of major lipid classes. Generically, its composition includes terpenes, phytosterols, tocopherol, free fatty acids, fatty alcohols, wax esters, triglycerides, diglycerides and monoglycerides. These compounds are already known for their interesting application in various fields such as pharma and cosmetics due to their anti-hypercholesterolemic, anti-hyperglycemic, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Suitability for commercial utilization of carnauba and sugarcane waxes through determination of possible alterations during an accelerated stability test

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Characterization of patchouli and vanillin industrial wastes as a strategy for their valorization

Patchouli is a cyclic terpene alcohol used as a fragrance ingredient (i.e. powerful sweet, herbaceous and spicy) [1] that has been demonstrated to exert low acute dermal toxicity [2-3]. The aromatic aldehyde Vanillin is a widely used flavoring agent and relevant antifoaming ingredient [4]. Fragrances/flavoring production from plants is accomplished by steam distillation, supercritical CO2 or microwave assisted extraction. Hence, recent investigation suggests using of genetically modified microorganism to ensure reliable and sustainable supply [5]. Thus, Vanillin can be isolated from Vanilla planifolia, from chemical synthesis or by fermentation procedures [6]. In the framework of a valorization strategy, this research work aims to characterized fermentation by-products of the production of Patchouli and Vanillin through liquid (HPLC-ELSD) and gas chromatography (GC-QqQ). The assayed materials derived from the production of Patchouli and Vanillin contained high-value molecules such as Patchouli alcohol, α-Guaiene, α-Bulnesene and Vanillin and Vanillic Acid, as well as vanillin glucosides. Future assessment of its bioactivity will provide better information on the application of these compounds to turn waste into resource.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Differential lipid accumulation on HepG2 cells triggered by palmitic and linoleic fatty acids exposure

Lipid metabolism pathways such as β-oxidation, lipolysis and, lipogenesis, are mainly associated with normal liver function. However, steatosis is a growing pathology caused by the accumulation of lipids in hepatic cells due to increased lipogenesis, dysregulated lipid metabolism, and/or reduced lipolysis. Accordingly, this investigation hypothesizes a selective in vitro accumulation of palmitic and linoleic fatty acids on hepatocytes. After assessing the metabolic inhibition, apoptotic effect, and reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation by linoleic (LA) and palmitic (PA) fatty acids, HepG2 cells were exposed to different ratios of LA and PA to study the lipid accumulation using the lipophilic dye Oil Red O. Lipidomic studies were also carried out after lipid isolation. Results revealed that LA was highly accumulated and induced ROS production when compared to PA. Lipid profile modifications were observed after LA:PA 1:1 (v/v) exposure, which led to a four-fold increase in triglycerides (TGs) (mainly in linoleic acid-containing species), as well as a increase in cholesterol and polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) content when compared to the control cells. The present work highlights the importance of balancing both PA and LA fatty acids concentrations in HepG2 cells to maintain normal levels of free fatty acids (FFAs), cholesterol, and TGs and to minimize some of the observed in vitro effects (i.e., apoptosis, ROS generation and lipid accumulation) caused by these fatty acids.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Stability study of squalane and hemisqualane derived from synthetic biology

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Stability study of squalane and hemisqualane derived from synthetic biology

Lipids obtained through fermentative processes have emerged as an excellent alternative to produce high-value molecules without compromising natural resources and meeting sustainable requirements [1]. A good example is squalene, the precursor of cholesterol in humans, known by protecting skin against UV radiation. It has been recently shown to reduce side-effects of chemotherapy and is widely used as adjuvant for pharmaceutical applications [2,3]. However, squalene is an unsaturated lipid and therefore susceptible to undergo oxidation. As a more stable alternative, processes to produce commercial squalane (SQ) and hemisqualane (HSQ) have been also developed.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Characterization of Patchouli and Vanillin Industrial Wastes as a Strategy for their Valorization

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Suitability of solvent-assisted extraction for recovery of lipophilic phytochemicals in sugarcane straw and bagasse

Sugarcane is primarily harvested to meet up to 80% of global sugar demand. Recently, lipids recovered from their biomass (straw and bagasse) have attracted much attention due to their possible utilisation in biofuel production but also by the presence of health-promoting compounds as phytosterols (i.e., improvement of cardiovascular function) or 1-octacosanol (i.e., anti-obesity). Although this fraction is commonly obtained through solid–liquid isolation, there is scarce information about how different solvents affect the composition of the extracts. This research work aimed to study whether, in sugarcane straw and bagasse samples, Soxtec extraction with widely used dichloromethane (DCM) would be suitable to recover most of the lipid classes when compared to other available solvents such as food grade ethanol (EtOH) or solvents without regulation restrictions for food and drug applications (i.e., acetone and ethyl acetate). The obtained results allow concluding that sugarcane waxes from straw and bagasse are complex lipid mixtures of polar and non-polar compounds. According to the extraction yield, the best results were obtained with ethanol (5.12 ± 0.30% and 1.97 ± 0.31%) for both straw and bagasse, respectively. The extractant greatly influenced the lipid composition of the obtained product. Thus, DCM enriched the isolates in glycerolipids (mono-, di- and triglycerides), free fatty acids, fatty alcohols, fatty aldehydes, phytosterols and hydrocarbons. On the other hand, EtOH resulted in polar isolates rich in glycolipids. Therefore, depending on the application and objectives of future research studies, the solvent to recover such lipids needs to be carefully selected.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Suitability for commercial utilization of carnauba and sugarcane waxes through determination of possible alterations during an accelerated stability test

In plants, waxes cover the epidermal cells of fruits, petals and leaves, the cuticle act as a physical barrier and signaling trigger against pathogens (i.e., bacteria, yeasts, fungi, virus) and environmental conditions (i.e., wind and rain) [1,2]. Hydrocarbons, wax esters, fatty alcohols, ketones, sterols but also triglycerides [1] have a deep impact in the physicochemical properties of waxes and therefore determine its commercial applications (i.e. foods, cosmetic, lubricant, coatings, polymers) [2]. However, most of those compounds contain double bonds that can affect their quality [3] such as polyunsaturated lipids that are prone to autoxidation [4].info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio