Análisis, clasificación y fundamentos filosóficos de los modelos de pensamiento crítico

Today, there are many conceptualizations on critical thinking, and most of them focus on cognitive skills, problem solving, decision-making and action, while others integrate all these aspects. In view of these multiple conceptualizations, a need to classify models arises to better understand their approaches and, in particular, the scope of the constituent elements that compose the supporting philosophical currents. This, so teachers know what each of these models contributes to their classroom practices. Objective: To identify the constituent elements of the conceptual foundations of critical thinking for classification into models according to their purposes. Methodology: A conceptual analysis, based on analytical philosophy, was used to review the main theoretical concepts of 44 theorists. Analysis matrices were designed with 12 constituents that aided in evidencing the elements of each model and determining which philosophical currents supported them. Results: Four models were identified: the logical-rational model, the cognitive-emotive model, the cognitive-scientist model, and the sociopragmatic model. These models show the influence of great philosophers’ contributions that, based on their epistemic content, have linked criticality as a main element in the construction of knowledge. Conclusions: These models will help teachers train critical thinkers to question and transform their social environment In the classroom.  Actualmente abundan conceptualizaciones sobre pensamiento crítico. Gran parte de estas se enfocan en habilidades cognitivas, otras en resolución de problemas; algunas más, en toma de decisiones y acción; y otras, que integran los elementos nombrados. Ante la proliferación de concepciones surge la necesidad de hacer una clasificación de estos modelos en aras de comprender mejor sus enfoques y, en especial, la incidencia de las corrientes filosóficas en los elementos constituyentes que los sustentan para que los maestros tengan claridad sobre qué aporta cada uno de ellos en sus prácticas de aula. Objetivo: identificar elementos constituyentes de los fundamentos conceptuales sobre pensamiento crítico para clasificarlos en modelos según sus finalidades. Metodología: análisis conceptual, realizado desde la filosofía analítica para revisar los conceptos esenciales expuestos por 44 teóricos en sus teorías. Se diseñaron matrices de análisis con 12 constituyentes que permitieron evidenciar los elementos de cada modelo y determinar qué corrientes filosóficas los fundamentan. Resultados: se evidenciaron cuatro modelos: lógico-racional, cognitivo-emotivo, cognitivo-cientificista y sociopragmático, en los cuales han incidido los aportes de grandes filósofos, quienes en su interés epistémico han vinculado la criticidad como elemento esencial en la construcción del conocimiento. Conclusiones: estos modelos aportarán claridad a los docentes, quienes intencionan su trabajo en el aula para formar pensadores críticos que cuestionen y transformen su entorno social. &nbsp

Revisión sistemática encuestas alimentarias individuales como herramientas de valoración de riesgo de obesidad, diabetes mellitus tipo 2 e hipertensión en población adulta

Las Enfermedades Crónicas No Transmisibles (ECNT), se definen como un proceso de evolución prolongada, que no se resuelven espontáneamente, La incidencia de las (ECNT), como la Diabetes Mellitus tipo 2, Hipertensión y la Obesidad han sido catalogadas como epidemias de salud pública y han modificado la práctica de los servicios de salud. Métodos: Se llevó a cabo una revisión sistemática PRISMA que permite la inclusión de artículos originales de intervención y de corte clínico publicados en revistas indexadas y que hacen parte de bases de datos registradas y no registradas; adicionalmente y con el objetivo de incluir literatura gris, la metodología PRISMA permite la búsqueda libre ya sea en sitios web o en publicaciones de organizaciones o por referencias de artículos. En la presente investigación se seleccionaron los artículos donde se hallaba la relación entre la alimentación y el desarrollo de enfermedades crónicas no transmisibles enfocadas en Obesidad, Diabetes, Hipertensión en población adulta Resultados: En primer lugar se evaluó el riesgo de Obesidad que asociaron el mayor consumo de comidas rápidas y ultra procesadas con un riesgo aumentado de sobrepeso/Obesidad, inversamente se estableció que un mayor consumo de fitoesteroles dietéticos se asocia con menor riesgo de sobrepeso/Obesidad. Por otra parte en los artículos encontrados con respecto a la asociación de riesgo del desarrollo de Diabetes Mellitus tipo 2 en relación a la alimentación y también se observó que los alimentos ultra procesados son un factor de desarrollo de la patología, como factor protector un artículo muestra que el consumo de polifenoles en cantidades mayores a las habituales constituyen una estrategia dietaria que disminuye la hiperglicemia. En los artículos resultado de la revisión del riesgo de HTA, se halló nuevamente evidencia que el alto consumo de alimentos procesados y ultra procesados, comidas rápidas y condimentos industrializados se asocian a una mayor incidencia de la patología. La fibra insoluble y la dieta DASH, constituyeron el hallazgo con mayor poder preventivo de la HTA.Universidad Libre Seccional Pereira -- Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Exactas y Naturales -- Nutrición y DietéticaChronic Noncommunicable Diseases (NCDs), are defined as a process of prolonged evolution, which do not resolve spontaneously, the incidence of (NCDs), such as Diabetes Mellitus type 2, Hypertension and Obesity have been classified as public health epidemics and have modified the practice of health services. Methods: Methods: A PRISMA systematic review was carried out that allows the inclusion of original intervention and clinical articles published in indexed journals and that are part of registered and unregistered databases; additionally and with the aim of including gray literature, the PRISMA methodology allows free search either on websites or in publications of organizations or by references of articles. In the present research, the articles were selected where the relationship between diet and the development of chronic non-communicable diseases focused on Obesity, Diabetes and Hypertension in the adult population was found. Results: Results: First, the risk of Obesity was evaluated, which associated the higher consumption of fast and ultra-processed foods with an increased risk of overweight/Obesity, inversely it was established that a higher consumption of dietary phytosterols is associated with a lower risk of overweight/Obesity. On the other hand in the articles found regarding the risk association of the development of Diabetes Mellitus type 2 in relation to food and it was also observed that ultra-processed foods are a factor of development of the pathology, as a protective factor an article shows that the consumption of polyphenols in quantities greater than usual constitute a dietary strategy that decreases hyperglycaemia. In the articles resulting from the review of the risk of HTA, evidence was again found that high consumption of processed and ultra-processed foods evidence that high consumption of processed and ultra-processed foods, fast foods and industrialized condiments are associated with a higher incidence of hypertension, fast foods and industrialized condiments are associated with a higher incidence of the pathology. Insoluble fiber and the DASH diet were found to have the greatest preventive power for HTA

Hormonal spawning induction and larval rearing of meagre, Argyrosomus regius (Pisces: Sciaenidae)

The aim of the present study was to evaluate the culture potential of meagre, Argyrosomus regius (Asso, 1801). Trials were conducted in two different facilities in Spain, the LIMIA research centre (Mallorca) and the IFAPA research centre “El Toruño” (El Puerto de Santa Maria). In May 2006, males with free milt and females with vitellogenic oocytes bigger than 500 μm were injected with salmon gonadotropin releasing hormone analogues (sGnRHa). Spawning occurred approximately 38 hours after induction. Fecundity was high with 1.207.000 eggs collected from a 13 kg female at LIMIA in a single spawn. The larval development, growth and morphological changes were described from 0 to 30 days post hatching (DPH). The mean length of the newly hatched larvae ranged from 2.20 ± 0.02 mm (LIMIA) to 3.19 ±0.09 mm (IFAPA). Feeding began on 3 DPH, initial swim bladder inflation was observed on 5 DPH, and metamorphosis was completed on 30 DPH. Growth was very fast and the post-larvae reached 15.11 ± 3.49 mm (LIMIA) and 11.66 ± 0.96 mm (IFAPA) in 30 days Cannibalism was observed from 15 DPH onwards. These preliminary results indicate the meagre as a priority species for the diversification in aquaculture

Ciclo gametogénico de Venerupis rhomboides Pennant, 1777 en el litoral Andaluz (sur España)

Knowledge of the reproductive biology of a species is essential for fishery management and for its culture. However, there are no previous studies in Andalusia regarding the determination of the gametogenic cycle of Venerupis rhomboides. The aim of this paper was to determine the sex ratio of a Mediterranean population of this species, to describe the gametogenic cycle using histological techniques and the condition index and to determine the relations with temperature and chlorophyll a levels. The sex-ratio was 1:1 (?2 = 0.724; p > 0.25). Spawning and post-spawning specimens were observed throughout this study, with the highest peak in april. The condition index did not reflect exactly the reproductive activity of V. rhomboides. One possible explanation was the asynchronous character of the population. The more or less constant temperature, and the variations of chlorophyll a, did not seem to be limiting for gonadal maturation and spawning over the whole annual cycle.El conocimiento de la biología reproductiva de una especie es fundamental para la gestión de la pesquería y para su cultivo. Venerupis rhomboides, es una especie de interés comercial en la costa sur de España pero no existen estudios previos que aporten datos sobre su biología. El objetivo fundamental de este trabajo fue el estudio del ciclo gametogé- nico en una población de V. rhomboides del Mediterráneo andaluz. Para ello, se establecieron los siguientes objetivos específicos: estimación del ciclo gametogénico mediante la utilización de técnicas histológicas e índice de condición, determinación de la proporción de sexos y por último, la influencia de la temperatura y de los niveles de clorofila a sobre este ciclo. En el ciclo gametogénico, se observaron ejemplares en desove y post-emisión a lo largo de todo el periodo de estudio, encontrando el pico máximo de desove en abril. La proporción de sexos obtenida fue 1:1 (?2 = 0.724; p > 0.25). Las variaciones que experimentó el índice de condición no reflejaron exactamente la actividad reproductiva de V. rhomboides. Una posible explicación se atribuyó al carácter asincrónico de la población. La temperatura más o menos constante y las variaciones de la clorofila a no parecen limitar la maduración gonadal y la emisión de gametos durante todo el ciclo anual

Hormonal spawning induction and larval rearing of meagre, Argyrosomus regius (Pisces: Sciaenidae)

The aim of the present study was to evaluate the culture potential of meagre, Argyrosomus regius (Asso, 1801). Trials were conducted in two different facilities in Spain, the LIMIA research centre (Mallorca) and the IFAPA research centre “El Toruño” (El Puerto de Santa Maria). In May 2006, males with free milt and females with vitellogenic oocytes bigger than 500 μm were injected with salmon gonadotropin releasing hormone analogues (sGnRHa). Spawning occurred approximately 38 hours after induction. Fecundity was high with 1.207.000 eggs collected from a 13 kg female at LIMIA in a single spawn. The larval development, growth and morphological changes were described from 0 to 30 days post hatching (DPH). The mean length of the newly hatched larvae ranged from 2.20 ± 0.02 mm (LIMIA) to 3.19 ±0.09 mm (IFAPA). Feeding began on 3 DPH, initial swim bladder inflation was observed on 5 DPH, and metamorphosis was completed on 30 DPH. Growth was very fast and the post-larvae reached 15.11 ± 3.49 mm (LIMIA) and 11.66 ± 0.96 mm (IFAPA) in 30 days Cannibalism was observed from 15 DPH onwards. These preliminary results indicate the meagre as a priority species for the diversification in aquaculture.L'objectiu de l’estudi va ser avaluar el potencial del cultiu de la corbina, Argyrosomus regius (Asso, 1801). Les experiències es van realitzar en dues diferents instal·lacions a Espanya. El centre d'investigacions LIMIA (Mallorca) i el centre d'investigacions IFAPA "El Toruño" (El Port de Santa Maria). Al maig del 2006, mascles fluents i femelles amb ovòcits vitel·logènics majors de 500 micres van ser injectats amb anàlegs de l'hormona alliberadora de gonadotropina del salmó (sGnRHa). La posta es va obtenir aproximadament 38 hores després de la inducció. La fecunditat va ser alta, obtenintne 1.207.000 ous recollits d'una sola femella de 13 kg en una única posta. El desenvolupament larvari, creixement i canvis morfològics es van descriure des del dia 0 al 30 després de l'eclosió (DPH). La longitud mitjana de les larves recent eclosionades va variar entre 2.20 ± 0.02 mm (LIMIA) i 3.19 ± 0.09 mm (IFAPA). L'alimentació va començar el 3 DPH, la inflació inicial de la bufeta natatòria es va observar el 5 DPH, i la metamorfosi es va completar el 30 DPH. El creixement va ser molt ràpid aconseguint les post larves 15.11 ± 3.49 mm (LIMIA) i 11.66 ± 0.96 mm (IFAPA) en 30 dies. A partir del 15 DPH es va observar canibalisme. Aquestes dades, assenyalen a la corbina com una espècie prioritària en la diversificació de l'aqüicultura

Keratograph 5M As A Useful And Objective Tool For Evaluating The Ocular Surface In Limbal Stem Cell Deficiency.

Purpose: In limbal stem cell deficiency, both the Ocular Surface Disease Index (OSDI) questionnaire and tear break-up time (BUT) are comparable between traditional methods and the Keratograph 5M. In this study, we aimed to correlate OSDI with Keratograph 5M interviewed OSDI, as well as slit-lamp tear BUT with Keratograph 5M noninvasive tear break-up time (NIKBUT) in limbal stem cell deficiency. Patients and methods: Thirty-eight limbal stem cell-deficiency patients (76 eyes) from Virgen Macarena-Rocio Hospital (Seville, Spain) underwent this diagnostic test study. All patients completed the traditional OSDI. We measured the BUT, performed a Keratograph 5M analysis of NIKBUT first (employed for the analysis) followed by the average NIKBUT, the level of dryness, and conducted the OSDI questionnaire through an interview. For each pair of tests, we analyzed the means and applied an intraclass correlation coefficient (r), creating a Bland-Altman plot for data dispersion. Results: Average values were 47.5 points (±25.8), and 47.3 points (±27.5) for traditional OSDI and Keratograph OSDI, respectively (P =0.87); the r value indicates good agreement (0.72). The Bland-Altman plot followed a linear pattern, and the results were similarly distributed. The NIKBUT mean was shorter than the BUT mean (P = 0.007); the r value indicates moderate agreement (0.574). The Bland-Altman plot formed an almost horizontal line, with almost all values between the mean and two standard deviations. Conclusion: Keratograph 5M is useful for the evaluation of the ocular surface in limbal stem cell deficiency. NIKBUT can substitute BUT based on its advantages of being non- invasive, objective, with intraobserver and interobserver repeatability and reliability. The Keratograph 5M OSDI is comparable to the traditional questionnaire.Unión Europea RD16/0008/001

Long-term exhaustion of the inbreeding load in Drosophila melanogaster

Inbreeding depression, the decline in fitness of inbred individuals, is a ubiquitous phenomenon of great relevance in evolutionary biology and in the fields of animal and plant breeding and conservation. Inbreeding depression is due to the expression of recessive deleterious alleles that are concealed in heterozygous state in noninbred individuals, the so-called inbreeding load. Genetic purging reduces inbreeding depression by removing these alleles when expressed in homozygosis due to inbreeding. It is generally thought that fast inbreeding (such as that generated by full-sib mating lines) removes only highly deleterious recessive alleles, while slow inbreeding can also remove mildly deleterious ones. However, a question remains regarding which proportion of the inbreeding load can be removed by purging under slow inbreeding in moderately large populations. We report results of two long-term slow inbreeding Drosophila experiments (125–234 generations), each using a large population and a number of derived lines with effective sizes about 1000 and 50, respectively. The inbreeding load was virtually exhausted after more than one hundred generations in large populations and between a few tens and over one hundred generations in the lines. This result is not expected from genetic drift alone, and is in agreement with the theoretical purging predictions. Computer simulations suggest that these results are consistent with a model of relatively few deleterious mutations of large homozygous effects and partially recessive gene actionAgencia Estatal de Investigación (AEI) | Ref. PGC2018-095810-B-I00Agencia Estatal de Investigación (AEI) | Ref. PID2020-114426GB-C21Xunta de Galicia | Ref. ED431C 2020-0

Spatial distribution and community structure of megabenthic bivalves in the subtidal area of the Gulf of Cádiz (SW Spain)

VENUSEstudio integral de los bancos naturales de moluscos bivalvos en el Golfo de Cádiz para su gestión sostenible y la conservación de sus hábitats asociado

Spatial distribution patterns of the striped venus clam (Chamelea gallina, L. 1758) natural beds in the Gulf of Cádiz (SW Spain)

VENUSEstudio integral de los bancos naturales de moluscos bivalvos en el Golfo de Cádiz para su gestión sostenible y la conservación de sus hábitats asociado