9 research outputs found
MAP Kinases and Prostate Cancer
The three major mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) p38, JNK, and ERK are signal transducers involved in a broad range of cell functions including survival, apoptosis, and cell differentiation. Whereas JNK and p38 have been generally linked to cell death and tumor suppression, ERK plays a prominent role in cell survival and tumor promotion, in response to a broad range of stimuli such as cytokines, growth factors, ultraviolet radiation, hypoxia, or pharmacological compounds. However, there is a growing body of evidence supporting that JNK and p38 also contribute to the development of a number of malignances. In this paper we focus on the involvement of the MAPK pathways in prostate cancer, including the less-known ERK5 pathway, as pro- or antitumor mediators, through their effects on apoptosis, survival, metastatic potential, and androgen-independent growth
TNF-α/IL-1/NF-ÎșB transduction pathway in human cancer prostate
TNFα exerts apoptosis throughout an intracellular transduction pathway that involves the kinase proteins TRAF-2 (integration point of apoptotic and survival signals), ASK1 (pro-apoptotic protein), MEK-4 (p38 activator and metastasis suppressor gene), JNK (stress mitogen activated protein kinase) and the transcription factor AP-1. TNFα also exerts proliferation by p38 activation, or when TRAF-2 simultaneously induces the transcription factor NF-ÎșB by NIK. NIK and p38 may also be activated by IL-1. P38 activated several transcription factors such as Elk-1, ATF-2 and NF-ÎșB. NIK also may activate NF-ÎșB.
The aim of the present article was to evaluate the different components of this TNFα/IL-1 transduction pathway in human prostate carcinoma (PC) in comparison with normal human prostate. In prostate cancer, pro-apoptotic TNFα/AP-1 pathway is probably inactivated by different factors such as p21 (at ASK-1 level) and bcl-2 (at JNK level), or diverted towards p38 or NIK activation. IL-1α enhances proliferation through IL-1RI that activates either NIK or p38 transduction pathway. P38 and NIK activate different transcription factors related with cell proliferation and survival such as ATF-2, Elk-1 or NF-ÎșB.
In order to search a possible target to cancer prostate treatment we proposed that inhibition of several proinflamatory cytokines such as IL-1 and TNFα might be a possible target for PC treatment, because decrease the activity of all transduction pathway members that activate transcription factors as NF-ÎșB, Elk-1 or ATF-2.Ministerio de EducaciĂłn y Cienci
Role of IAPs in prostate cancer progression: immunohistochemical study in normal and pathological (benign hyperplastic, prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia and cancer) human prostate
<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>In this study was investigate IAPs in normal human prostate (NP), benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH), prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia (PIN) and prostatic carcinoma (PC), and their involvement in apoptosis/proliferation via NF-kB (TNF-α, IL-1) stimulation.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>Immunohistochemical and Western blot analyses were performed in 10 samples of normal prostates, 35 samples of BPH, 27 samples diagnosis of PIN (with low-grade PIN or high-grade PIN) and 95 samples of PC (with low, medium or high Gleason grades).</p> <p>Results</p> <p>In NP, cytoplasm of epithelial cells were positive to c-IAP1/2 (80% of samples), c-IAP-2 (60%), ILP (20%), XIAP (20%); negative to NAIP and survivin. In BPH, epithelial cells were immunostained to c-IAP1/2 (57.57%), c-IAP-2 (57.57%), ILP (66.6%), NAIP (60.6%), XIAP (27.27%), survivin (9.1%). Whereas low-grade PIN showed intermediate results between NP and BPH; results in high-grade PIN were similar to those found in PC. In PC, epithelial cells were immunostained to c-IAP1/2, c-IAP-2, ILP, NAIP, XIAP (no Gleason variation) and survivin (increasing with Gleason).</p> <p>Conclusions</p> <p>IAPs could be involved in prostate disorder (BPH, PIN and PC) development since might be provoke inhibition of apoptosis and subsequently cell proliferation. At the same time, different transduction pathway such as IL-1/NIK/NF-kB or TNF/NF-kB (NIK or p38) also promotes proliferation. Inhibitions of IAPs, IL-1α and TNFα might be a possible target for PC treatment since IAPs are the proteins that inhibited apoptosis (favour proliferation) and IL-1α and TNFα would affect all the transduction pathway involucrate in the activation of transcription factors related to survival or proliferation (NF-kB, Elk-1 or ATF-2).</p
Prognostic value of inhibitors of apoptosis proteins (IAPs) and caspases in prostate cancer: caspase-3 forms and XIAP predict biochemical progression after radical prostatectomy
Background: The expression status of apoptotic regulators, such as caspases and inhibitors of apoptosis proteins (IAPs), could reflect the aggressiveness of tumors and, therefore, could be useful as prognostic markers. We explored the associations between tumor expression of caspases and IAPs and clinicopathological features of prostate cancer â clinical and pathological T stage, Gleason score, preoperative serum PSA levels, perineural invasion, lymph node involvement, surgical margin status and overall survival â and evaluated its capability to predict biochemical
progression after radical prostatectomy.
Methods: Protein expression of caspases (procaspase-8, cleaved caspase-8, procaspase-3, cleaved caspase-3,
caspase-7 and procaspase-9) and IAPs (cIAP1/2, cIAP2, NAIP, Survivin and XIAP) was analyzed by immunohistochemistry
in radical prostatectomy samples from 84 prostate cancer patients. Spearmanâs test, Kaplan-Meier curves, and univariate
and multivariate Cox proportional hazard regression analysis were performed.
Results: cIAP1/2, cIAP2, Survivin, procaspase-8, cleaved caspase-8, procaspase-3 and caspase-7 expression correlated
with at least one clinicopathological feature of the disease. Patients negative for XIAP, procaspase-3 or cleaved
caspase-3 had a significantly worse prognosis. Of note, XIAP, procaspase-3 and cleaved caspase-3 were predictors
of biochemical progression independent of Gleason score and pathological T stage.
Conclusions: Our results indicate that alterations in the expression of IAPs and caspases contribute to the
malignant behavior of prostate tumors and suggest that tumor expression of XIAP, procaspase-3 and cleaved
caspase-3 may help to identify prostate cancer patients at risk of progression
TNF-aIL-1-NF-kB transduction pathway in human cancer prostate
TNFa exerts apoptosis throughout an
intracellular transduction pathway that involves the
kinase proteins TRAF-2 (integration point of apoptotic
and survival signals), ASK1 (pro-apoptotic protein),
MEK-4 (p38 activator and metastasis suppressor gene),
JNK (stress mitogen activated protein kinase) and the
transcription factor AP-1. TNFa also exerts proliferation
by p38 activation, or when TRAF-2 simultaneously
induces the transcription factor NF-kB by NIK. NIK and
p38 may also be activated by IL-1. P38 activated several
transcription factors such as Elk-1, ATF-2 and NF-kB.
NIK also may activate NF-kB.
The aim of the present article was to evaluate the
different components of this TNFa/IL-1 transduction
pathway in human prostate carcinoma (PC) in
comparison with normal human prostate. In prostate
cancer, pro-apoptotic TNFa/AP-1 pathway is probably
inactivated by different factors such as p21 (at ASK-1
level) and bcl-2 (at JNK level), or diverted towards p38
or NIK activation. IL-1a enhances proliferation through
IL-1RI that activates either NIK or p38 transduction
pathway. P38 and NIK activate different transcription
factors related with cell proliferation and survival such
as ATF-2, Elk-1 or NF-kB.
In order to search a possible target to cancer prostate
treatment we proposed that inhibition of several
proinflamatory cytokines such as IL-1 and TNFa might
be a possible target for PC treatment, because decrease
the activity of all transduction pathway members that
activate transcription factors as NF-kB, Elk-1 or ATF-2
Lacustrine microbialite pinnacles in the Palaeogene of Patagonia, Argentina: Facies and controls
Large carbonate microbialite build-ups are relatively uncommon in ancient fresh-water lacustrine basins as compared with those marine and saline environments. This paper discusses the formation of a large continental lacustrine deposit, the Oligocene-Miocene Carinao Formation in Argentina, which contains large bioherms. The lacustrine formation occurs in N-S corridor and is mostly composed by meter scale pinnacles and sheet-like carbonate beds that grade to detrital deposits towards the more subsident southern areas. The main facies are autochthonous and allochthonous limestones and detrital deposits. The autochthonous limestones include the carbonate pinnacles, which are about 4 m high and 0.5 m in diameter and coalesce laterally to form very continuous beds (several kms). The pinnacles are formed by plate-like, dome, vertically elongated and irregular horizontal bioherms, most of them with radial structure. The bioherms are boundstones of fibrous (fans and spherulites) and feather calcite crystals, micrite and inequigranular calcite mosaics. Both biogenic and abiogenic processes interfered in carbonate precipitation. Allochthonous limestones include peloidal, ostracod and intraclastic limestones, some containing coated grains. Polymictic conglomerates and cross-bedded hybrid arenites deposited in a fluvial-deltaic system located at the southwest of the basin. ÎŽ13C values vary between â0.4 and â3.2â° VPDB and ÎŽ18O are comprised between â5.7 and â8.6â° VPDB. The 87Sr/86Sr ratios range between 0.7061 and 0.7056. The Carinao Formation deposited in a fresh-water lake, sourced by meteoric and deep-groundwater. Tectonics was a main control determining the configuration of the lake system, the water supply and the alignment of some bioherms. The vertical succession or the different bioherms morphologies reflects well the lake level changes controlled by both tectonic and climate.Fil: Alonso Zarza, Ana MarĂa. Universidad Complutense de Madrid; EspañaFil: Cabaleri, Nora Graciela. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones CientĂficas y TĂ©cnicas. Oficina de CoordinaciĂłn Administrativa Ciudad Universitaria. Instituto de GeocronologĂa y GeologĂa IsotĂłpica. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales. Instituto de GeocronologĂa y GeologĂa IsotĂłpica; ArgentinaFil: Huerta, Pedro. Universidad de Salamanca; EspañaFil: Armella, Claudia. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones CientĂficas y TĂ©cnicas. Oficina de CoordinaciĂłn Administrativa Ciudad Universitaria. Instituto de GeocronologĂa y GeologĂa IsotĂłpica. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales. Instituto de GeocronologĂa y GeologĂa IsotĂłpica; ArgentinaFil: RodrĂguez Berriguete, Ălvaro. Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro; Brasil. Universidad Complutense de Madrid; EspañaFil: Monferran, Mateo Daniel. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones CientĂficas y TĂ©cnicas. Centro CientĂfico TecnolĂłgico Conicet - Nordeste. Centro de EcologĂa Aplicada del Litoral. Universidad Nacional del Nordeste. Centro de EcologĂa Aplicada del Litoral; ArgentinaFil: Gallego, Oscar Florencio. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones CientĂficas y TĂ©cnicas. Centro CientĂfico TecnolĂłgico Conicet - Nordeste. Centro de EcologĂa Aplicada del Litoral. Universidad Nacional del Nordeste. Centro de EcologĂa Aplicada del Litoral; ArgentinaFil: Ubaldon, MarĂa Cecilia. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones CientĂficas y TĂ©cnicas. Oficina de CoordinaciĂłn Administrativa Ciudad Universitaria. Instituto de GeocronologĂa y GeologĂa IsotĂłpica. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales. Instituto de GeocronologĂa y GeologĂa IsotĂłpica; ArgentinaFil: Silva Nieto, Diego Gonzalo. SecretarĂa de Industria y MinerĂa. Servicio GeolĂłgico Minero Argentino. Instituto de GeologĂa y Recursos Minerales. DirecciĂłn de GeologĂa Regional; Argentin