Volatile Profile of Wall Rocket Baby-Leaves (Diplotaxis erucoides) Grown under Greenhouse: Main Compounds and Genotype Diversity

[EN] Wall rocket is a leafy vegetable with pungent flavor related to the presence of isothiocyanates (ITCs). Despite interest in it as a crop of high organoleptic quality, the variability of the volatile profile in the species remains unknown. Twenty-four populations grown under a greenhouse were evaluated. A considerable diversity for the total levels of volatiles was found, providing information of the aroma intensity among accessions. ITCs represented the main fraction. Allyl ITC was the main compound, and levels showed up to 6-fold difference among populations. The esters fraction was mainly represented bycis-3-hexenyl isovalerate andcis-3-hexenyl butyrate, with 20-fold differences among populations. Additionally, the content in sinigrin was evaluated as main GSL in wall rocket. Differences reached up to 13-fold. These results suggest that some populations can be used to develop highly pungent varieties, whereas some others can be selected for mild-pungent varieties, as it is the case of DER045 with low levels of ITCs and high in esters. The presence of several ITCs in the profile also suggested the presence of other novel GSLs. Overall, the work increases the knowledge in the variability of wall rocket for the volatile profile and sinigrin accumulation, a starting point for future breeding programs.C.G. thanks the Ministerio de Educacion, Cultura y Deporte of Spain (MECD) for the financial support by means of a predoctoral FPU grant (FPU14-06798).Guijarro-Real, C.; Rodríguez Burruezo, A.; Fita, A. (2020). Volatile Profile of Wall Rocket Baby-Leaves (Diplotaxis erucoides) Grown under Greenhouse: Main Compounds and Genotype Diversity. 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Breeding strategies for improving the performance and fruit quality of the pepino (Solanum muricatum): A model for the enhancement of underutilized exotic fruits

The pepino (Solanum muricatum Aiton) is a neglected Andean crop that has elicited an increasing interest from exotic fruit markets. The pepino is highly diverse and, by using appropriate breeding strategies, it has been possible to develop new improved materials. Here we review more than a decade of efforts and advancements made in the genetic improvement of the pepino for several traits, with special emphasis on fruit quality. Different strategies, like the use of a wide diversity of genetic resources, exploitation of genotype × environment interaction, use of clonal hybrids, and introgression of genes from wild species, have facilitated significant developments in enhancing the commercial potential of the pepino, and have allowed the development of new cultivars and breeding materials adapted to new agroclimatic conditions. Agronomic performance of the pepino has been improved by the use of genetic parthenocarpy, selection for resistance to Tomato Mosaic Virus, and by developing hybrids, that manifested heterosis, but also did not have lower quality fruit. Breeding for quality has been focused mostly on the improvement of flavor (sweetness and aroma) and nutritional value (ascorbic acid content; AAC). Despite the limited intraspecific diversity available for sugar content, materials with high soluble solids content (SSC) have been selected. Strategies for further increases of SSC and titratable acidity have been based in the use of wild relatives. The study of variation within the cultigen was also helpful in the selection of hybrid genotypes with improved aroma profiles and high AAC values. As a result of the breeding efforts, several cultivars with improved agronomic performance and fruit quality have been produced. The use of biotechnological tools represents an opportunity to use the extensive genomic information compiled for related species, like tomato or potato, for the future improvement and enhancement of pepino quality. The results obtained in the pepino show that ample opportunities exist for improving the commercial potential of under-utilized fruits by means of breeding based on the exploitation of genetic diversity. © 2010 Elsevier Ltd.Rodríguez Burruezo, A.; Prohens Tomás, J.; Fita, A. (2011). Breeding strategies for improving the performance and fruit quality of the pepino (Solanum muricatum): A model for the enhancement of underutilized exotic fruits. Food Research International. 44(7):1927-1935. doi:10.1016/j.foodres.2010.12.028S1927193544

Morphological diversity and bioactive compounds in wall rocket (Diplotaxis erucoides (L.) DC.)

[EN] Wall rocket is a wild vegetable with interest to become a crop. However, the information regarding morphological variability in the species is scarce, despite the interest it has received for breeding programs. In addition, evaluating the phytochemical composition can also be useful for developing materials of a high quality. In this study, forty-four populations were evaluated for selected morphoagronomic traits and contents in ascorbic acid (AA), total phenolics (TP), and nitrates (NO3¿). Wall rocket plants had, on average, an intermediate growth habit and a good response to transplant. Moderate variability, mainly for size-related traits, was found, with low to moderate heritability estimates (H2 < 0.35). A Principal Component Analysis revealed that some materials may be selected for differenced traits. On the other hand, wall rocket materials had, on average, high contents in AA (53 mg 100 g¿1) and TP (116 mg CAE 100 g¿1) but also accumulated high levels of NO3¿ (891 mg 100 g¿1). Significant positive correlations were found for AA and TP, which could be exploited for increasing the antioxidant activity and properties of the final product. We provide new information on the variation of wall rocket for traits of morphological and phytochemical interest, which together with other traits, such as the profile of glucosinolates, can be useful for the selection of materials in future breeding programs.C.G. thanks the Ministerio de Educacion, Cultura y Deporte of Spain (MECD) for the financial support by means of a predoctoral FPU grant (FPU14-06798). Authors also thank the "Banco de Germoplasma Vegetal-UPM Cesar Gomez Campo" (Madrid, Spain) for transfer of seeds.Guijarro-Real, C.; Prohens Tomás, J.; Rodríguez Burruezo, A.; Fita, A. (2020). 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V., Parra, M. Á., & Fernández, J. A. (2014). Characterization of purslane (Portulaca oleracea L.) accessions: Suitability as ready-to-eat product. Scientia Horticulturae, 172, 73-81. doi:10.1016/j.scienta.2014.03.051Rodríguez-Burruezo, A., Prohens, J., & Nuez, F. (2002). Genetic Analysis of Quantitative Traits in Pepino (Solanum muricatum) in Two Growing Seasons. Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science, 127(2), 271-278. doi:10.21273/jashs.127.2.271Metsalu, T., & Vilo, J. (2015). ClustVis: a web tool for visualizing clustering of multivariate data using Principal Component Analysis and heatmap. Nucleic Acids Research, 43(W1), W566-W570. doi:10.1093/nar/gkv468Prohens, J., Gramazio, P., Plazas, M., Dempewolf, H., Kilian, B., Díez, M. J., … Vilanova, S. (2017). Introgressiomics: a new approach for using crop wild relatives in breeding for adaptation to climate change. Euphytica, 213(7). doi:10.1007/s10681-017-1938-9Mousavizadeh, S. J., Hassandokht, M. R., & Kashi, A. (2015). Multivariate analysis of edible Asparagus species in Iran by morphological characters. Euphytica, 206(2), 445-457. doi:10.1007/s10681-015-1508-yD’Antuono, L. F., Elementi, S., & Neri, R. (2008). Glucosinolates in Diplotaxis and Eruca leaves: Diversity, taxonomic relations and applied aspects. Phytochemistry, 69(1), 187-199. doi:10.1016/j.phytochem.2007.06.019Di Gioia, F., Avato, P., Serio, F., & Argentieri, M. P. (2018). Glucosinolate profile of Eruca sativa, Diplotaxis tenuifolia and Diplotaxis erucoides grown in soil and soilless systems. Journal of Food Composition and Analysis, 69, 197-204. doi:10.1016/j.jfca.2018.01.022Colonna, E., Rouphael, Y., Barbieri, G., & De Pascale, S. (2016). Nutritional quality of ten leafy vegetables harvested at two light intensities. Food Chemistry, 199, 702-710. doi:10.1016/j.foodchem.2015.12.068Salvatore, S., Pellegrini, N., Brenna, O. V., Del Rio, D., Frasca, G., Brighenti, F., & Tumino, R. (2005). Antioxidant Characterization of Some Sicilian Edible Wild Greens. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 53(24), 9465-9471. doi:10.1021/jf051806rBennett, R. N., Rosa, E. A. S., Mellon, F. A., & Kroon, P. A. (2006). Ontogenic Profiling of Glucosinolates, Flavonoids, and Other Secondary Metabolites in Eruca sativa (Salad Rocket), Diplotaxis erucoides (Wall Rocket), Diplotaxis tenuifolia (Wild Rocket), and Bunias orientalis (Turkish Rocket). Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 54(11), 4005-4015. doi:10.1021/jf052756tFrancisco, M., Velasco, P., Moreno, D. A., García-Viguera, C., & Cartea, M. E. (2010). Cooking methods of Brassica rapa affect the preservation of glucosinolates, phenolics and vitamin C. Food Research International, 43(5), 1455-1463. doi:10.1016/j.foodres.2010.04.024Bell, L., Oloyede, O. O., Lignou, S., Wagstaff, C., & Methven, L. (2018). Taste and Flavor Perceptions of Glucosinolates, Isothiocyanates, and Related Compounds. Molecular Nutrition & Food Research, 62(18), 1700990. doi:10.1002/mnfr.201700990Bianco, V. V., Santamaria, P., & Elia, A. (1998). NUTRITIONAL VALUE AND NITRATE CONTENT IN EDIBLE WILD SPECIES USED IN SOUTHERN ITALY. Acta Horticulturae, (467), 71-90. doi:10.17660/actahortic.1998.467.7Tang, L., Luo, W., Tian, S., He, Z., Stoffella, P. J., & Yang, X. (2016). Genotypic differences in cadmium and nitrate co-accumulation among the Chinese cabbage genotypes under field conditions. Scientia Horticulturae, 201, 92-100. doi:10.1016/j.scienta.2016.01.040Bahadoran, Z., Mirmiran, P., Jeddi, S., Azizi, F., Ghasemi, A., & Hadaegh, F. (2016). Nitrate and nitrite content of vegetables, fruits, grains, legumes, dairy products, meats and processed meats. Journal of Food Composition and Analysis, 51, 93-105. doi:10.1016/j.jfca.2016.06.00

Consumers acceptance and volatile profile of wall rocket (Diplotaxis erucoides)

[EN] Wall rocket (Diplotaxis erucoides) is a wild edible herb traditionally consumed in the Mediterranean regions with a characteristic, pungent flavour. However, little is known about its acceptance as a potential new crop. In the present study, an hedonic test with 98 volunteers was performed in order to evaluate the potential of wall rocket as a new crop. Three products were tested corresponding to microgreens, seedlings and baby-leaves. The volatile constituents were also studied due to their probable influence on acceptance, and compared to Dijon's mustard and wasabi. The degree of acceptance was mainly related to taste and pungency. Microgreens were well accepted, whereas seedlings and baby-leaves were mainly appreciated by individuals that enjoy pungent tastes. The purchase intent was also highly related to the acceptance of taste and pungency. The volatiles profile revealed that wall rocket was rich in allyl isothiocyanate, like mustard and wasabi. This compound may be greatly responsible of the relationship between the acceptance of mustard, wasabi and wall rocket. Microgreens displayed the highest levels of isothiocyanates, although the quantity of product tested by panellists did not probably allow the appreciation of such compounds. In baby-leaves, a significant decrease in isothiocyanates GC area and relative abundances was observed. These results suggest that wall rocket microgreens would be accepted by a significant proportion of the general public since pungency is lowly perceived in the product, despite its high levels of isothiocyanates. By contrast, baby-leaves may become a crop for a cohort of consumers that enjoy pungent flavours.C. Guijarro-Real thanks the Ministerio de Educacion, Cultura y Deporte of Spain (MECD) for its financial support with a PhD grant (FPU14-06798). Authors also thank Dr. A.M. Adalid and Dr. C.K. Pires for support in the tasting session, and Ms. E. Moreno for assistance with the GC-MS analysis.Guijarro-Real, C.; Prohens Tomás, J.; Rodríguez Burruezo, A.; Fita, A. (2020). Consumers acceptance and volatile profile of wall rocket (Diplotaxis erucoides). Food Research International. 132:1-9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodres.2020.109008S19132Agneta, R., Lelario, F., De Maria, S., Möllers, C., Bufo, S. A., & Rivelli, A. R. (2014). Glucosinolate profile and distribution among plant tissues and phenological stages of field-grown horseradish. Phytochemistry, 106, 178-187. doi:10.1016/j.phytochem.2014.06.019Angelino, D., Dosz, E. B., Sun, J., Hoeflinger, J. L., Van Tassell, M. L., Chen, P., … Jeffery, E. H. (2015). Myrosinase-dependent and –independent formation and control of isothiocyanate products of glucosinolate hydrolysis. Frontiers in Plant Science, 6. doi:10.3389/fpls.2015.00831Bell, L., Methven, L., Signore, A., Oruna-Concha, M. J., & Wagstaff, C. (2017). Analysis of seven salad rocket (Eruca sativa) accessions: The relationships between sensory attributes and volatile and non-volatile compounds. Food Chemistry, 218, 181-191. doi:10.1016/j.foodchem.2016.09.076Bell, L., Methven, L., & Wagstaff, C. (2017). The influence of phytochemical composition and resulting sensory attributes on preference for salad rocket (Eruca sativa) accessions by consumers of varying TAS2R38 diplotype. Food Chemistry, 222, 6-17. doi:10.1016/j.foodchem.2016.11.153Bell, L., Oloyede, O. O., Lignou, S., Wagstaff, C., & Methven, L. (2018). Taste and Flavor Perceptions of Glucosinolates, Isothiocyanates, and Related Compounds. Molecular Nutrition & Food Research, 62(18), 1700990. doi:10.1002/mnfr.201700990Bell, L., Spadafora, N. D., Müller, C. T., Wagstaff, C., & Rogers, H. J. (2016). Use of TD-GC–TOF-MS to assess volatile composition during post-harvest storage in seven accessions of rocket salad (Eruca sativa). Food Chemistry, 194, 626-636. doi:10.1016/j.foodchem.2015.08.043Bell, L., & Wagstaff, C. (2017). Enhancement Of Glucosinolate and Isothiocyanate Profiles in Brassicaceae Crops: Addressing Challenges in Breeding for Cultivation, Storage, and Consumer-Related Traits. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 65(43), 9379-9403. doi:10.1021/acs.jafc.7b03628Bell, L., Yahya, H. N., Oloyede, O. O., Methven, L., & Wagstaff, C. (2017). Changes in rocket salad phytochemicals within the commercial supply chain: Glucosinolates, isothiocyanates, amino acids and bacterial load increase significantly after processing. Food Chemistry, 221, 521-534. doi:10.1016/j.foodchem.2016.11.154Bennett, R. N., Rosa, E. A. S., Mellon, F. A., & Kroon, P. A. (2006). Ontogenic Profiling of Glucosinolates, Flavonoids, and Other Secondary Metabolites in Eruca sativa (Salad Rocket), Diplotaxis erucoides (Wall Rocket), Diplotaxis tenuifolia (Wild Rocket), and Bunias orientalis (Turkish Rocket). Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 54(11), 4005-4015. doi:10.1021/jf052756tBonasia, A., Lazzizera, C., Elia, A., & Conversa, G. (2017). Nutritional, Biophysical and Physiological Characteristics of Wild Rocket Genotypes As Affected by Soilless Cultivation System, Salinity Level of Nutrient Solution and Growing Period. Frontiers in Plant Science, 8. doi:10.3389/fpls.2017.00300CARDELLO, A. V., & SCHUTZ, H. G. (2004). RESEARCH NOTE NUMERICAL SCALE-POINT LOCATIONS FOR CONSTRUCTING THE LAM (LABELED AFFECTIVE MAGNITUDE) SCALE. Journal of Sensory Studies, 19(4), 341-346. doi:10.1111/j.1745-459x.2004.tb00152.xCavaiuolo, M., & Ferrante, A. (2014). Nitrates and Glucosinolates as Strong Determinants of the Nutritional Quality in Rocket Leafy Salads. Nutrients, 6(4), 1519-1538. doi:10.3390/nu6041519D’Antuono, L. F., Elementi, S., & Neri, R. (2008). Glucosinolates in Diplotaxis and Eruca leaves: Diversity, taxonomic relations and applied aspects. Phytochemistry, 69(1), 187-199. doi:10.1016/j.phytochem.2007.06.019D’Antuono, L. F., Elementi, S., & Neri, R. (2009). Exploring new potential health-promoting vegetables: glucosinolates and sensory attributes of rocket salads and relatedDiplotaxisandErucaspecies. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture, 89(4), 713-722. doi:10.1002/jsfa.3507Di Gioia, F., Avato, P., Serio, F., & Argentieri, M. P. (2018). Glucosinolate profile of Eruca sativa, Diplotaxis tenuifolia and Diplotaxis erucoides grown in soil and soilless systems. Journal of Food Composition and Analysis, 69, 197-204. doi:10.1016/j.jfca.2018.01.022Dinkova-Kostova, A. T., & Kostov, R. V. (2012). Glucosinolates and isothiocyanates in health and disease. Trends in Molecular Medicine, 18(6), 337-347. doi:10.1016/j.molmed.2012.04.003Dinnella, C., Torri, L., Caporale, G., & Monteleone, E. (2014). 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Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 185, 202-234. doi:10.1016/j.jep.2016.02.050Guijarro-Real, C., Adalid-Martínez, A. M., Aguirre, K., Prohens, J., Rodríguez-Burruezo, A., & Fita, A. (2019). Growing Conditions Affect the Phytochemical Composition of Edible Wall Rocket (Diplotaxis erucoides). Agronomy, 9(12), 858. doi:10.3390/agronomy9120858Guijarro-Real, C., Adalid-Martínez, A. M., Gregori-Montaner, A., Prohens, J., Rodríguez-Burruezo, A., & Fita, A. (2020). Factors affecting germination of Diplotaxis erucoides and their effect on selected quality properties of the germinated products. Scientia Horticulturae, 261, 109013. doi:10.1016/j.scienta.2019.109013Guijarro-Real, C., Rodríguez-Burruezo, A., Prohens, J., & Fita, A. (2018). Importance of the growing system in the leaf morphology of Diplotaxis erucoides. Acta Horticulturae, (1202), 25-32. doi:10.17660/actahortic.2018.1202.4Guijarro-Real, C., Prohens, J., Rodríguez-Burruezo, A., & Fita, A. (2019). 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Potential of wall rocket (Diplotaxis erucoides) as a new crop: influence of the growing conditions on the visual quality of the final product

[EN] Wild edible plants can be used for developing new crops and diversifying food markets. Wall rocket (Diplotaxis erucoides) is an annual weed with potential as a new crop. The present study aims at evaluating the effects of different growing conditions in the visual quality of this potential new crop. We evaluated eleven accessions of wall rocket, together with commercial rocket accessions (Eruca sativa and D. tenuifolia). Experiments were simultaneously conducted under field and greenhouse systems, and performed during two seasons. Fifteen descriptors related to leaf size, colour and shape were evaluated. Analysis of variance detected significant differences in size and shape among the three species studied, revealing the distinctiveness of wall rocket from the other rocket crops. This distinctiveness may enhance its establishment as a new crop. Comparison between the wall rocket accessions was also performed. There was relatively low morphological diversity among them. By contrast, the growing conditions had a high effect on the visual quality, especially for colour related traits and intensity of lobation, and also in the flowering time. As a consequence, the heritability estimates were low to moderate. The principal component analysis (PCA) clustered accessions according to the growing conditions, thus reinforcing the importance of environment in the morphology of wall rocket. The most promising quality of the leaves was obtained under field conditions, where the bright green colour and intensity of lobation were enhanced. In particular, accession DER006-1 was identified as a good candidate for developing a new cultivar. These results establish a basis for the management of wall rocket as a new crop. At the same time, results regarding the low diversity registered for morphology in the accessions evaluated have important implications for future breeding programmes of wall rocket.C. Guijarro-Real is grateful to the Ministerio de Educacion, Cultura y Deporte of Spain (MECD) for the predoctoral FPU grant (FPU14-06798). Authors also thank Dr. A. M. Adalid-Martinez, Ms. K. Aguirre, and Ms. S. Benicka for helping in the field tasks.Guijarro-Real, C.; Prohens Tomás, J.; Rodríguez Burruezo, A.; Fita, A. (2019). Potential of wall rocket (Diplotaxis erucoides) as a new crop: influence of the growing conditions on the visual quality of the final product. Scientia Horticulturae. 258:1-9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scienta.2019.108778S19258Araj, S.-E., & Wratten, S. D. (2015). Comparing existing weeds and commonly used insectary plants as floral resources for a parasitoid. Biological Control, 81, 15-20. doi:10.1016/j.biocontrol.2014.11.003Bell, L., Methven, L., & Wagstaff, C. (2017). The influence of phytochemical composition and resulting sensory attributes on preference for salad rocket (Eruca sativa) accessions by consumers of varying TAS2R38 diplotype. Food Chemistry, 222, 6-17. doi:10.1016/j.foodchem.2016.11.153Bell, L., & Wagstaff, C. (2014). Glucosinolates, Myrosinase Hydrolysis Products, and Flavonols Found in Rocket (Eruca sativa and Diplotaxis tenuifolia). Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 62(20), 4481-4492. doi:10.1021/jf501096xBianco, V. V., Santamaria, P., & Elia, A. (1998). NUTRITIONAL VALUE AND NITRATE CONTENT IN EDIBLE WILD SPECIES USED IN SOUTHERN ITALY. Acta Horticulturae, (467), 71-90. doi:10.17660/actahortic.1998.467.7Bonasia, A., Lazzizera, C., Elia, A., & Conversa, G. (2017). Nutritional, Biophysical and Physiological Characteristics of Wild Rocket Genotypes As Affected by Soilless Cultivation System, Salinity Level of Nutrient Solution and Growing Period. Frontiers in Plant Science, 8. doi:10.3389/fpls.2017.00300Buitrago Acevedo, M. F., Groen, T. A., Hecker, C. A., & Skidmore, A. K. (2017). Identifying leaf traits that signal stress in TIR spectra. ISPRS Journal of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing, 125, 132-145. doi:10.1016/j.isprsjprs.2017.01.014Caruso, G., Parrella, G., Giorgini, M., & Nicoletti, R. (2018). Crop Systems, Quality and Protection of Diplotaxis tenuifolia. Agriculture, 8(4), 55. doi:10.3390/agriculture8040055Cavaiuolo, M., & Ferrante, A. (2014). Nitrates and Glucosinolates as Strong Determinants of the Nutritional Quality in Rocket Leafy Salads. Nutrients, 6(4), 1519-1538. doi:10.3390/nu6041519Colonna, E., Rouphael, Y., Barbieri, G., & De Pascale, S. (2016). Nutritional quality of ten leafy vegetables harvested at two light intensities. Food Chemistry, 199, 702-710. doi:10.1016/j.foodchem.2015.12.068D’Amelia, V., Aversano, R., Ruggiero, A., Batelli, G., Appelhagen, I., Dinacci, C., … Carputo, D. (2017). Subfunctionalization of duplicate MYB genes in Solanum commersonii generated the cold-induced ScAN2 and the anthocyanin regulator ScAN1. Plant, Cell & Environment, 41(5), 1038-1051. doi:10.1111/pce.12966D’Antuono, L. F., Elementi, S., & Neri, R. (2008). Glucosinolates in Diplotaxis and Eruca leaves: Diversity, taxonomic relations and applied aspects. Phytochemistry, 69(1), 187-199. doi:10.1016/j.phytochem.2007.06.019D’Antuono, L. F., Elementi, S., & Neri, R. (2009). Exploring new potential health-promoting vegetables: glucosinolates and sensory attributes of rocket salads and relatedDiplotaxisandErucaspecies. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture, 89(4), 713-722. doi:10.1002/jsfa.3507Di Gioia, F., Avato, P., Serio, F., & Argentieri, M. P. (2018). Glucosinolate profile of Eruca sativa, Diplotaxis tenuifolia and Diplotaxis erucoides grown in soil and soilless systems. Journal of Food Composition and Analysis, 69, 197-204. doi:10.1016/j.jfca.2018.01.022Egea-Gilabert, C., Fernández, J. A., Migliaro, D., Martínez-Sánchez, J. J., & Vicente, M. J. (2009). Genetic variability in wild vs. cultivated Eruca vesicaria populations as assessed by morphological, agronomical and molecular analyses. Scientia Horticulturae, 121(3), 260-266. doi:10.1016/j.scienta.2009.02.020Egea-Gilabert, C., Niñirola, D., Conesa, E., Candela, M. E., & Fernández, J. A. (2013). Agronomical use as baby leaf salad of Silene vulgaris based on morphological, biochemical and molecular traits. Scientia Horticulturae, 152, 35-43. doi:10.1016/j.scienta.2013.01.018Egea-Gilabert, C., Ruiz-Hernández, M. V., Parra, M. Á., & Fernández, J. A. (2014). Characterization of purslane (Portulaca oleracea L.) accessions: Suitability as ready-to-eat product. Scientia Horticulturae, 172, 73-81. doi:10.1016/j.scienta.2014.03.051Figàs, M. R., Prohens, J., Casanova, C., Fernández-de-Córdova, P., & Soler, S. (2018). Variation of morphological descriptors for the evaluation of tomato germplasm and their stability across different growing conditions. Scientia Horticulturae, 238, 107-115. doi:10.1016/j.scienta.2018.04.039Figàs, M. R., Prohens, J., Raigón, M. D., Pereira-Dias, L., Casanova, C., García-Martínez, M. D., … Soler, S. (2018). Insights Into the Adaptation to Greenhouse Cultivation of the Traditional Mediterranean Long Shelf-Life Tomato Carrying the alc Mutation: A Multi-Trait Comparison of Landraces, Selections, and Hybrids in Open Field and Greenhouse. Frontiers in Plant Science, 9. doi:10.3389/fpls.2018.01774Guarrera, P. M., & Savo, V. (2016). Wild food plants used in traditional vegetable mixtures in Italy. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 185, 202-234. doi:10.1016/j.jep.2016.02.050Hatfield, J. L., & Prueger, J. H. (2015). Temperature extremes: Effect on plant growth and development. Weather and Climate Extremes, 10, 4-10. doi:10.1016/j.wace.2015.08.001Martínez-Laborde, J. B., Pita-Villamil, J. M., & Pérez-García, F. (2007). Short communication. Secondary dormancy in Diplotaxis erucoides: a possible adaptative strategy as an annual weed. Spanish Journal of Agricultural Research, 5(3), 402. doi:10.5424/sjar/2007053-265Metsalu, T., & Vilo, J. (2015). ClustVis: a web tool for visualizing clustering of multivariate data using Principal Component Analysis and heatmap. Nucleic Acids Research, 43(W1), W566-W570. doi:10.1093/nar/gkv468Rodríguez-Burruezo, A., Prohens, J., & Nuez, F. (2002). Genetic Analysis of Quantitative Traits in Pepino (Solanum muricatum) in Two Growing Seasons. Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science, 127(2), 271-278. doi:10.21273/jashs.127.2.271Roshanak, S., Rahimmalek, M., & Goli, S. A. H. (2015). Evaluation of seven different drying treatments in respect to total flavonoid, phenolic, vitamin C content, chlorophyll, antioxidant activity and color of green tea (Camellia sinensis or C. assamica) leaves. Journal of Food Science and Technology, 53(1), 721-729. doi:10.1007/s13197-015-2030-xStagnari, F., Di Mattia, C., Galieni, A., Santarelli, V., D’Egidio, S., Pagnani, G., & Pisante, M. (2018). Light quantity and quality supplies sharply affect growth, morphological, physiological and quality traits of basil. Industrial Crops and Products, 122, 277-289. doi:10.1016/j.indcrop.2018.05.073Stommel, J. R., Whitaker, B. D., Haynes, K. G., & Prohens, J. (2015). Genotype × environment interactions in eggplant for fruit phenolic acid content. Euphytica, 205(3), 823-836. doi:10.1007/s10681-015-1415-2Taranto, F., Francese, G., Di Dato, F., D’Alessandro, A., Greco, B., Onofaro Sanajà, V., … Tripodi, P. (2016). Leaf Metabolic, Genetic, and Morphophysiological Profiles of Cultivated and Wild Rocket Salad (Eruca and Diplotaxis Spp.). Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 64(29), 5824-5836. doi:10.1021/acs.jafc.6b01737Voss-Fels, K., & Snowdon, R. J. (2015). Understanding and utilizing crop genome diversity via high-resolution genotyping. Plant Biotechnology Journal, 14(4), 1086-1094. doi:10.1111/pbi.1245

Turia pepino

Turia is a new salad pepino cultivar adapted to greenhouse cultivation in a wide range of environments with high yield and improved fruit quality. Its fruit is ovate in shape and has golden yellow skin covered with purple stripes, mild flavour and intense aroma. Turia is the first pepino cultivar tolerant to tomato mosaic virus.Rodríguez Burruezo, A.; Prohens Tomás, J.; Leiva-Brondo, M.; Nuez Viñals, F. (2004). Turia pepino. Canadian Journal of Plant Science. 84(2):603-606. doi:10.4141/P03-108S60360684

Genetic diversity, population structure and relationships in a collection of pepper (Capsicum spp.) landraces from the Spanish centre of diversity revealed by genotyping-by-sequencing (GBS)

[EN] Pepper (Capsicum spp.) is one of the most important vegetable crops; however, pepper genomic studies lag behind those of other important Solanaceae. Here we present the results of a high-throughput genotyping-by-sequencing (GBS) study of a collection of 190 Capsicum spp. accessions, including 183 of five cultivated species (C. annuum, C. chinense, C. frutescens, C. baccatum, and C. pubescens) and seven of the wild form C. annuum var. glabriusculum. Sequencing generated 6,766,231 high-quality read tags, of which 40.7% were successfully aligned to the reference genome. SNP calling yielded 4083 highly informative segregating SNPs. Genetic diversity and relationships of a subset of 148 accessions, of which a complete passport information was available, was studied using principal components analysis (PCA), discriminant analysis of principal components (DAPC), and phylogeny approaches. C. annuum, C. baccatum, and C. chinense were successfully separated by all methods. Our population was divided into seven clusters by DAPC, where C. frutescens accessions were clustered together with C. chinense. C. annuum var. glabriusculum accessions were spread into two distinct genetic pools, while European accessions were admixed and closely related. Separation of accessions was mainly associated to differences in fruit characteristics and origin. Phylogeny studies showed a close relation between Spanish and Mexican accessions, supporting the hypothesis that the first arose from a main genetic flow from the latter. Tajima's D statistic values were consistent with positive selection in the C. annuum clusters, possibly related to domestication or selection towards traits of interest. This work provides comprehensive and relevant information on the origin and relationships of Spanish landraces and for future association mapping studies in pepper.This work has been financed by INIA projects RTA2013-00022-C02, RTA2014-00041-C02-02, and RF2010-00025-00-00, FEDER funds. Authors are also grateful to the different Research Institutions, scientists, and breeders, and PDOs and GPIs Regulatory Boards, included on Supplementary Data: Table 1 for providing part of the materials studied here.Pereira-Días, L.; Vilanova Navarro, S.; Fita, A.; Prohens Tomás, J.; Rodríguez Burruezo, A. (2019). Genetic diversity, population structure and relationships in a collection of pepper (Capsicum spp.) landraces from the Spanish centre of diversity revealed by genotyping-by-sequencing (GBS). Horticulture Research. 6:1-13. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41438-019-0132-8S1136FAO. FAOSTAT Statistics Database. http://www.fao.org/faostat/ (2018). Accessed 20 Aug 2018.Moscone, E. A. et al. 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In vitro germination and growth protocols of the ornamental Lophophora williamsii (Lem.) Coult. as a tool for protecting endangered wild populations

[EN] Lophophora williamsii is an ornamental slow growth cactus highly appreciated by cacti growers and hobbyists. Its demand is often satisfied through illegal collection of wild plants and many populations are threatened with extinction. Thus, an efficient in vitro protocol without plant growth regulators will be of great interest for conservation purposes of this cactus. Eight different germination media, combining Murashige and Skoog medium (MS, full and half-strength), sucrose (20 and 30gL(-1)) and agar (8 and 10gL(-1)), were used to study germination rate, number of seedlings with areoles and initial seedling development. Germination rates among culture media only differed significantly in the first 14 days after sowing (DAS), reaching 67-75% at the end of the assay (49 DAS). Remarkable interactions among media components were detected, and 20 g L-1 sucrose and 8gL(-1) agar combination gave the highest performance for both size and number of areoles. Following germination assay, a growth assay was conducted during 105 days using three growth media (GrM) at different sucrose concentration (15, 30 and 45gL(-1)) to evaluate the increase in seedling size and number of areoles. Regardless of their initial size, 15 g L-1 sucrose provided the best results for both traits. Size increase was higher in the 4-5 mm seedling group, while increase in areoles was greater in 2-3 mm seedlings. It was possible to develop an in vitro protocol, in absence of plant growth regulators, which allows maximizing. L williamsii germination and growth during its first stages of development, which may increase the availability of plants in the market and avoid exhaustion of wild populations. Furthermore, plants grown ex situ could be reintroduced in endangered natural populations.Cortés Olmos, C.; Gurrea-Ysasi, G.; Prohens Tomás, J.; Rodríguez Burruezo, A.; Fita, A. (2018). In vitro germination and growth protocols of the ornamental Lophophora williamsii (Lem.) Coult. as a tool for protecting endangered wild populations. Scientia Horticulturae. 237:120-127. doi:10.1016/j.scienta.2018.03.064S12012723

Influence of the Growing Conditions in the Content of Vitamin C in Diplotaxis erucoides

Diplotaxis erucoides is an edible plant with potential for marketing. Here, we analysed the influence of the growing conditions in this species, D. tenuifolia and Eruca sativa, and studied the relation among the ascorbic (AA) and dehydroascorbic (DHA) acid forms. Plants were grown in the late winter-spring season under two conditions, greenhouse and field. The contents in AA, DHA and vitamin C (VC) were analysed by HPLC. The content of VC and AA were, in general, remarkable higher in the plants grown in the field. On the other hand, the mean percentage of DHA was less than 11%, being in this case higher for plants grown in the greenhouse. Thus, growing this potential crop in the field seems a better option in order to increase the content in VC, being AA the main form present at the moment of gathering

Use of synchronous e-learning at university degrees

[EN] Different types of Course Management Systems (CMS) are fully integrated in conventional and online courses in many Universities degrees. Although they are suitable for lecturer-student information sharing, their asynchronous nature prevents an efficient interaction, which may hamper the learning process. As an alternative, synchronous virtual learning platforms can help fill the gaps in traditional CMS. However, there is very little feedback regarding its use in higher education. The Universitat Polit"ecnica de Val"encia introduced in 2010 a synchronous e-learning platform, named Poli[ReunioN], an Adobe Connect-based online service. Poli[Reuni !oN] ! provides virtual sessions where interaction between lecturers and students is enabled by means of audio/videoconferences and software application sharing. By following this path, Poli[ReunioN] provides an opportunity for ! planning new educational experiences where technology may help to achieve new learning objectives. However, the implementation of this tool still needs to be explored. In order to check its usefulness, we have performed a multidisciplinary learning experience involving a wide range of subjects over several degrees: Private Telecommunication Systems (degree in Telecommunications Engineering), Algorithms and Data Structure (degree in Computer Sciences), English for International Tourism (degree in Tourism Management), Genetics and Plant Breeding (degree in Agricultural Engineering), and a specific course for teachers¿ training. The advantages and disadvantages of the use of Poli[ReunioN] in tutoring and in different learning activities ! proposed in the aforementioned degrees are discussed from both perspectives¿lecturers and students. These experiences may help lecturers and other education professionals to adopt similar e-learning tools.The authors would like to thank the "Vicerrectorado de Estudios y Convergencia Europea" (VECE) of the UPV for their financial support of the project Experiencias Multi-Disciplinares de Integracion de Aula Inversa para el Desarrollo de Competencias TransversalesFita, A.; Monserrat Del Río, JF.; Moltó, G.; Mestre-Mestre, EM.; Rodríguez Burruezo, A. (2016). Use of synchronous e-learning at university degrees. Computer Applications in Engineering Education. 24(6):982-993. https://doi.org/10.1002/cae.21773S982993246Garrison, D. R. (2003). E-Learning in the 21st Century. doi:10.4324/9780203166093Beuchot, A., & Bullen, M. (2005). Interaction and interpersonality in online discussion forums. Distance Education, 26(1), 67-87. doi:10.1080/01587910500081285Dennen, V. P., Aubteen Darabi, A., & Smith, L. J. (2007). Instructor–Learner Interaction in Online Courses: The relative perceived importance of particular instructor actions on performance and satisfaction. Distance Education, 28(1), 65-79. doi:10.1080/01587910701305319Garrison, D. R., & Cleveland-Innes, M. (2005). Facilitating Cognitive Presence in Online Learning: Interaction Is Not Enough. American Journal of Distance Education, 19(3), 133-148. doi:10.1207/s15389286ajde1903_2http://www.adobe.com/es/products/connect/Bondi, S., Daher, T., Holland, A., Smith, A. R., & Dam, S. (2016). Learning through personal connections: cogenerative dialogues in synchronous virtual spaces. Teaching in Higher Education, 21(3), 301-312. doi:10.1080/13562517.2016.1141288Huang, Y.-M., Kuo, Y.-H., Lin, Y.-T., & Cheng, S.-C. (2008). Toward interactive mobile synchronous learning environment with context-awareness service. 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