6 research outputs found

    Comparative study of biological activities of monofloral honey types and correlation with physicochemical parameters

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    Nowadays, there is an increase in demand and purchase value of monofloral honeys, due to their distinct organoleptic and physicochemical characteristics, giving beekeepers the opportunity to compete with low-priced honeys imported from abroad. Thanks to its Mediterranean climate, Greece offers the possibility of producing various monofloral kinds of honey, many of which, however, remain uninvestigated or have been little studied mainly regarding their beneficial activities and the substances that may be responsible for these activities. For the above reasons, in the present dissertation 15 monofloral honey types were studied produced in Greece for their antioxidant and antimicrobial potential while the results were correlated with those obtained from the analysis of physicochemical parameters. From the number of samples collected, those whose botanical origin was confirmed based on melissopalynological analysis and organoleptic control were selected, achieving a correct sampling to draw safe conclusions. These samples were initially studied for their physicochemical characteristics (moisture, electrical conductivity, HMF, diastase, color, pH, acidity). All samples were within legal limits for moisture content, HMF and diastase, while discrepancies were observed for electrical conductivity in cotton, erica, jerusalem thorn and knotgrass honeys and for acidity in cotton and oak honeys. The total phenolic content of the samples and their antioxidant activity based on three methods (FRAP, DPPH, ABTS) were also investigated. Higher values were recorded in dark-colored honeys, compared to light-colored, specifically in oak and knotgrass honeys, while a strong antioxidant effect was also presented in strawberry tree honeys. The results from the study of the antioxidant activity confirm the need to use different methods for better reliability of the results. Also, selected samples were studied by the microtitration method for their activity against the phytopathogenic bacterium Pseudomonas syringae and the bee-pathogenic Paenibacillus larvae. Greater bacteriostatic and bactericidal activity was recorded in judas tree, cotton and oak honeys against P. syringae and in cotton, autumn pine and thyme honeys against P. larvae. These samples were investigated for their concentration in carbohydrates and phenolic compounds by the liquid chromatography method (HPLC-RID and HPLC-DAD). Blossom honeys presented the highest concentrations of fructose and glucose compared to honeydew honeys, melibiose was found only in autumn pine and cotton honeys, while erlose was absent from sunflower honeys. Also, strawberry tree honeys seem to be characterized by the highest concentrations of homogenistic acid, oak honeys by protocatechuic acid and erica honeys by ellagic acid. Statistically significant correlations were observed between antioxidant activity of honeys with color, electrical conductivity and acidity and between antimicrobial activity, fructose and glucose concentrations. A high correlation was also found between total phenolic content and antioxidant activity, confirming the relation among the phenolic compounds and the antioxidant potential of honey. In addition, from the multivariate analysis, it emerged that color, electrical conductivity and fructose concentration showed the highest discriminating ability, while the classification prediction model showed high accuracy (87.7%), so it could be applied to identify the botanical origin of uninvestigated honey types. In conclusion, the monofloral types of honey produced in Greece show a high antioxidant activity as well as antimicrobial activity against pathogens beyond the field of medicine, properties that can highlight and promote them in the international market. The high biological activities of these types seem to be due not only to the content of sugars and their low pH, but the non-peroxide activity also contributes significantly, as for example the content of honey in certain phenolic compounds.Τα τελευταία χρόνια, παρατηρείται μία αύξηση ζήτησης αλλά και αγοραστικής αξίας των αμιγών ειδών μελιού, λόγω των ξεχωριστών οργανοληπτικών και φυσικοχημικών τους χαρακτηριστικών, κάτι που συμβαίνει και στην Ελλάδα, δίνοντας παράλληλα τη δυνατότητα στους μελισσοκόμους να ανταγωνιστούν τα μέλια χαμηλής τιμής που εισάγονται από το εξωτερικό. Xάρη στο μεσογειακό της κλίμα, η χώρα μας προσφέρει τη δυνατότητα παραγωγής ποικίλων αμιγών κατηγοριών, πολλές από τις οποίες όμως παραμένουν αδιερεύνητες ή έχουν μελετηθεί ελάχιστα κυρίως ως προς τις ωφέλιμες δράσεις τους και ως προς τα συστατικά που πιθανόν να οφείλονται για τις δράσεις αυτές. Για τους παραπάνω λόγους, στην παρούσα διατριβή μελετήθηκαν 15 αμιγή είδη μελιού που παράγονται στην Ελλάδα ως προς το αντιοξειδωτικό και αντιμικροβιακό τους δυναμικό ενώ οι τιμές συσχετίστηκαν με φυσικοχημικές παραμέτρους. Από το πλήθος δειγμάτων που συλλέχθηκαν, επιλέχθηκαν αυτά των οποίων η βοτανική προέλευση επιβεβαιώθηκε βάσει μελισσοπαλυνολογικής ανάλυσης και οργανοληπτικού ελέγχου, επιτυγχάνοντας έτσι σωστή δειγματοληψία για την εξαγωγή ασφαλών συμπερασμάτων.Τα δείγματα αυτά μελετήθηκαν αρχικά ως προς τα φυσικοχημικά τους χαρακτηριστικά (υγρασία, ηλεκτρική αγωγιμότητα, HMF, διαστάση, χρώμα, pH, οξύτητα). Όλα τα δείγματα ήταν εντός των νομοθετικών ορίων όσον αφορά την περιεκτικότητα σε υγρασία, HMF και διαστάση, ενώ αποκλίσεις παρατηρήθηκαν όσον αφορά την ηλεκτρική αγωγιμότητα στα μέλια από βαμβάκι, ερείκη, παλιούρι και πολύκομπο και όσον αφορά την οξύτητα στα μέλια από βαμβάκι και βελανιδιά. Διερευνήθηκε στη συνέχεια το ολικό φαινολικό περιεχόμενο των δειγμάτων και η αντιοξειδωτική τους δράση με βάση τρεις μεθόδους (FRAP, DPPH, ABTS). Υψηλότερες τιμές καταγράφηκαν στα σκουρόχρωμα μέλια, συγκριτικά με τα ανοιχτόχρωμα και συγκεκριμένα στα μέλια βελανιδιάς και πολύκομπου, ενώ ισχυρή αντιοξειδωτική δράση παρουσίασαν και τα μέλια κουμαριάς. Τα αποτελέσματα από τη μελέτη της αντιοξειδωτικής δράσης επιβεβαιώνουν την ανάγκη χρήσης διαφορετικών μεθόδων για την καλύτερη αξιοπιστία των αποτελεσμάτων. Επίσης, επιλεγμένα δείγματα μελετήθηκαν με τη μέθοδο της μικροτιτλοποίησης ως προς τη δράση τους έναντι του φυτοπαθογόνου βακτηρίου Pseudomonas syringae και του μελισσοπαθογόνου Paenibacillus larvae. Μεγαλύτερη βακτηριοστατική και βακτηριοκτόνο δράση παρουσίασαν για το P. syringae τα μέλια από κουτσουπιά, βαμβάκι και βελανιδιά και για το P. larvae τα μέλια από βαμβάκι, φθινοπωρινό πεύκο και θυμάρι. Ακολούθησε μελέτη των δειγμάτων αυτών ως προς τη συγκέντρωσή τους σε υδατάνθρακες και φαινολικές ενώσεις με τη μέθοδο υγρής χρωματογραφίας (HPLC-RID και HPLC-DAD). Τα ανθόμελα παρουσίασαν τις μεγαλύτερες συγκεντρώσεις σε φρουκτόζη και γλυκόζη συγκριτικά με τα μέλια μελιτώματος, μελιβιόζη βρέθηκε μόνο στα μέλια από έλατο και βαμβάκι, ενώ απουσίαζε η ερλόζη από τα μέλια ηλίανθου. Επίσης, τα μέλια κουμαριάς φαίνεται να χαρακτηρίζονται από τις υψηλότερες συγκεντρώσεις του ομογενιστικού οξέος, τα μέλια βελανιδιάς από το πρωτοκατεχικό οξύ και τα μέλια ερείκης από το ελλαγικό οξύ. Στατιστικά σημαντικές συσχετίσεις παρατηρήθηκαν μεταξύ της αντιοξειδωτικής δράσης των μελιών με το χρώμα, την ηλεκτρική αγωγιμότητα και την οξύτητα και μεταξύ της αντιμικροβιακής δράσης και των συγκεντρώσεων φρουκτόζης και γλυκόζης. Υψηλή συσχέτιση εντοπίστηκε επίσης και μεταξύ του ολικού φαινολικού περιεχομένου και της αντιοξειδωτικής δράσης, επιβεβαιώνοντας τη σύνδεση μεταξύ των φαινολικών ενώσεων και του αντιοξειδωτικού δυναμικού του μελιού. Από την πολυμεταβλητή ανάλυση που εφαρμόστηκε στις τιμές, το χρώμα, η ηλεκτρική αγωγιμότητα και η συγκέντρωση φρουκτόζης παρουσίασαν τη μεγαλύτερη διαχωριστική ικανότητα, ενώ το μοντέλο πρόβλεψης ταξινόμησης παρουσίασε αρκετά μεγάλη ακρίβεια (87,7%), συνεπώς θα μπορούσε να εφαρμοστεί για την ταυτοποίηση της βοτανικής προέλευσης αγνώστων δειγμάτων. Συμπερασματικά, τα αμιγή είδη μελιού που παράγονται στην Ελλάδα παρουσιάζουν υψηλή αντιοξειδωτική δράση αλλά και αντιμικροβιακή έναντι παθογόνων πέρα από τον τομέα της ιατρικής, ιδιότητες που μπορούν να τα αναδείξουν και να τα προωθήσουν στη διεθνή αγορά. Οι υψηλές βιολογικές δράσεις των ειδών αυτών φαίνεται να οφείλονται όχι μόνο στην περιεκτικότητα των σακχάρων και στο χαμηλό pH τους, αλλά συμβάλλει σημαντικά και η μη-υπεροξειδική δράση, όπως για παράδειγμα η περιεκτικότητα του μελιού σε συγκεκριμένες φαινολικές ενώσεις

    Prijedlog globalnih standarda za matičnu mliječ

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    This article proposes guidelines for quality standards of royal jelly. The proposals are based on two sets of data; the first from our study of the factors that may affect the royal jelly’s chemical composition (protein and sugar supplementation of beehives) and the second on the analysis of a great number of samples from across Greece to establish natural variability of this product. We compared our findings with the adopted national limits, the proposals of the working group of the International Honey Commission (IHC), and the draft proposal of the International Organization of Standardization (ISO). The studied parameters included moisture, total proteins, sugars (fructose, glucose, sucrose, total sugars), and 10-hydroxy- 2-decenoic acid (10-HDA). Our results indicate that the limits for royal jelly in some countries should be amended and the proposals of the IHC and the ISO reviewed in view of recent data on variability. We believe that our proposals could be considered for setting global standards for royal jelly, as they incorporate national legislations, proposals of scientific groups, experimental data, and updated information.U ovome se članku predlažu međunarodne smjernice za kakvoću matične mliječi. U prvom dijelu istraživanja analizirali smo koliko dohrana bjelančevinama i šećerima utječe na kemijski sastav matične mliječi, a u drugom smo analizirali velik broj uzoraka matične mliječi prikupljene iz cijele Grčke kako bismo ustanovili prirodnu varijabilnost ovog proizvoda. Svoje smo rezultate usporedili s usvojenim standardima različitih država, prijedlogom standarda Međunarodne komisije za med (International Honey Commission - IHC) te nacrtom prijedloga Međunarodne organizacije za normizaciju (International Organization of Standardization - ISO). Analizom su obuhvaćeni sljedeći parametri: vlažnost, ukupne bjelančevine, šećeri (fruktoza, glukoza, saharoza) te 10-hidroksi-2-decenska kiselina (10-HDA). Naši rezultati upućuju na to da neke zemlje trebaju izmijeniti i dopuniti svoje standarde, a IHC i ISO trebaju ponovo razmotriti svoje prijedloge u svjetlu najnovijih podataka o prirodnoj varijabilnosti matične mliječi. Smatramo da bi naš prijedlog mogao poslužiti za utvrđivanje međunarodnih standarda za matičnu mliječ s obzirom na to da obuhvaća podatke iz zakona i propisa pojedinih država, prijedloge znanstvenih i stručnih skupina, podatke iz istraživanja te najnovije informacije iz literature

    A Comparative Study of Healthy and American Foulbrood-Infected Bee Brood (<i>Apis mellifera</i> L.) through the Investigation of Volatile Compounds

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    American Foulbrood (AFB) is a major endemic disease affecting the bee brood and the absence of chemical therapeutic treatments leads beekeepers to develop alternative management plans, based mainly on the prevention and accurate diagnosis of symptoms. One of the main symptoms of the disease is the unpleasant odor caused by the rot of dead larvae. In the present comparative study, we analyzed the odor profile of bee larvae and the presence of characteristic volatile compounds (Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectometry), in an effort to discriminate healthy and AFB-infected brood. A greater number of volatile compounds was identified in the affected brood than the healthy. The presence of (Ε)-β-ocimene was prominent in healthy brood samples in percentages from 85.25 to 99.14%, a compound also detected in all samples of infected brood but in lower percentages (37%). The compounds toluene, xylene, 1,3-dimethylbenzene, 2-nonanone, dimethyl disulfide, and dimethyl trisulfide were detected in 100% of the diseased brood samples, with the latter three being absent from the healthy brood, while 2-undecanone was found in some samples of diseased brood (40.0%). Further investigation of volatile markers may contribute significantly to the successful diagnosis of the disease, aiming at its rapid treatment

    A suggestion for royal jelly specifications / Prijedlog globalnih standarda za matičnu mliječ

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    This article proposes guidelines for quality standards of royal jelly. The proposals are based on two sets of data; the first from our study of the factors that may affect the royal jelly’s chemical composition (protein and sugar supplementation of beehives) and the second on the analysis of a great number of samples from across Greece to establish natural variability of this product. We compared our findings with the adopted national limits, the proposals of the working group of the International Honey Commission (IHC), and the draft proposal of the International Organization of Standardization (ISO). The studied parameters included moisture, total proteins, sugars (fructose, glucose, sucrose, total sugars), and 10-hydroxy- 2-decenoic acid (10-HDA). Our results indicate that the limits for royal jelly in some countries should be amended and the proposals of the IHC and the ISO reviewed in view of recent data on variability. We believe that our proposals could be considered for setting global standards for royal jelly, as they incorporate national legislations, proposals of scientific groups, experimental data, and updated information.U ovome se članku predlažu međunarodne smjernice za kakvoću matične mliječi. U prvom dijelu istraživanja analizirali smo koliko dohrana bjelančevinama i šećerima utječe na kemijski sastav matične mliječi, a u drugom smo analizirali velik broj uzoraka matične mliječi prikupljene iz cijele Grčke kako bismo ustanovili prirodnu varijabilnost ovog proizvoda. Svoje smo rezultate usporedili s usvojenim standardima različitih država, prijedlogom standarda Međunarodne komisije za med (International Honey Commission - IHC) te nacrtom prijedloga Međunarodne organizacije za normizaciju (International Organization of Standardization - ISO). Analizom su obuhvaćeni sljedeći parametri: vlažnost, ukupne bjelančevine, šećeri (fruktoza, glukoza, saharoza) te 10-hidroksi-2-decenska kiselina (10-HDA). Naši rezultati upućuju na to da neke zemlje trebaju izmijeniti i dopuniti svoje standarde, a IHC i ISO trebaju ponovo razmotriti svoje prijedloge u svjetlu najnovijih podataka o prirodnoj varijabilnosti matične mliječi. Smatramo da bi naš prijedlog mogao poslužiti za utvrđivanje međunarodnih standarda za matičnu mliječ s obzirom na to da obuhvaća podatke iz zakona i propisa pojedinih država, prijedloge znanstvenih i stručnih skupina, podatke iz istraživanja te najnovije informacije iz literature
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