KARAKTERISTIK PASTA BAWANG MERAH (Allium ascalonicum L.) BERDASARKAN PERBEDAAN SISTEM EMULSI

Bima Regency has great potential in producing shallots (Alliumascalonicum L.) because it can be planted throughout the year so that the production is abundantRed onion. Onion processing aims to maintain agesave and the quality of the onion. This study compared the characteristics of the pastashallots with two different emulsifying systems. Use of an emulsion systemthe right one affects the quality of the shallot paste. The research was conducted in a scalelaboratory using a completely randomized design (CRD) with two treatments andthree replications, the first treatment was addition of shortening with lecithin, andthe second treatment adding starch with oil palm. Characteristics of onion pastered that want to be investigated are water content (AOAC 2005), protein content (AOAC, 2005) andfat content (AOAC, 2005). The test results of shallot paste show thatThe addition of CMC 0.3% for 7 minutes had the lowest water content (44.11%).While the addition of 6% lecithin 4 minutes has a higher water contentcompared to other treatments (51.27%). The highest protein content is found intreatment with the addition of CMC 0.3% 7 minutes is 3.05%. while lowest onlecithin addition treatment 6% 4 minutes is 2.63%. Fat content of shallot pasteThe highest was the treatment with the addition of CMC by 0.3% with timestirring 7 minutes (0.89%), while the lowest was found in treatment withaddition of 6% lecithin with a stirring time of 4 minutes (0.82%).Kabupaten Bima mempunyai potensi besar dalam menghasilkan bawang merah (Alliumascalonicum L.) karena dapat ditanam sepanjang tahun sehingga berlimpah produksinyabawang merah. Pengolahan bawang merah bertujuan untuk mempertahankan umursimpan dan mutu bawang merah. Penelitian ini membandingkan karakteristik pastabawang merah dengan dua sistem pengemulsi yang berbeda. Penggunaan sistem emulsiyang tepat mempengaruhi mutu pasta bawang merah. Penelitian dilakukan dalam skalalaboratorium menggunakan rancangan acak lengkap (RAL) dengan dua perlakuan dantiga kali ulangan, perlakuan pertama penambahan shortening dengan lesitin, danperlakuan kedua penambahan pati dengan kelapa sawit. Karakteristik pasta bawangmerah yang ingin diteliti yaitu kadar air (AOAC 2005), kadar protein (AOAC, 2005) dankadar lemak (AOAC, 2005). Hasil pengujian pasta bawang merah menunjukkan bahwaPerlakuan penambahan CMC 0.3% 7 menit memiliki kadar air paling rendah (44,11%).Sedangkan penambahan lesitin 6% 4 menit memiliki kadar air yang lebih tinggidibandingkan perlakuan yang lain (51,27%). Kadar protein paling tinggi terdapat padaperlakuan penambahan CMC 0.3% 7 menit yaitu 3.05%. sedangkan terendah padaperlakuan penambahan lesitin 6% 4 menit yaitu 2.63%. Kadar lemak pasta bawang merahtertinggi terdapat perlakuan dengan penambahan CMC sebesar 0,3% dengan waktupenumisan 7 menit (0.89%), sedangkan terendah terdapat pada perlakuan denganpenambahan lesitin 6% dengan waktut penumisan 4 menit (0,82%)

PENGOLAHAN TEPUNG DAN BUBUR INSTAN DARI GANYONG (CANNA EDULIS KERR.) MELALUI PENGERINGAN DRUM

Edible canna (Canna edulis Kerr.) is one of local tubers that has high content of starch so it can be used for food diversification. Processing technology that has been applied so far is to make transparent starch noodle (Roisah, 2009) and canna starch (Ciptadi et al. 1980). The aim of this research is to explore the process characteristics and quality of drum dried instant canna powder that can be rehydrated into edible canna porridge. Dried edible canna had been successfully made from edible canna slurry developed from cooked mashed red edible canna corm from farmers in Bogor district and then dried using double drum dryer. Preliminary research was applied to determine the best cooking time and RPM of the double drum dryer. Fifty minutes and three RPM were determined as the best in instant canna powder brightness so it were used in the following research phases. Two treatments were applied, 1) feed slurry composition at three levels, 1:2, 1:3, and 1:4 (ratio cooked mash edible canna to water) and 2) steam pressure at also three levels, 300 kPa, 400 kPa, and 500 kPa.The results indicated that dried canna powder produced at 500 kPa steam pressure combined with 1:4 feed slurry composition had the best moisture content that was 5.07% and it had the best brightness, 83.25. The organoleptic test, however, suggested that taste, aroma, and color of edible canna porridge rehydrated from dried instant edible canna powder was favoured for the combination treatment of steam pressure 500 kPa and 1:2 feed slurry concentration. Treatment of steam pressure 500 kPa and 1:3 feed slurry concentration had the highest viscosity that was 10 200 cp. The treatment of steam pressure and feed slurry composition had significant effect on moisture content and the organoleptic test. While viscosity and brightness were not affected significantly

IDENTIFIKASI SENYAWA BIOFLAVONOID PADA PROPOLIS HASIL EKSTRAKSI DARI SARANG LEBAH MADU HUTAN SUMBAWA (APIS DORSATA)

Propolis merupakan salah satu produk potensial yang dapat dihasilkan dari olahan sarang lebah madu hutan. Selama ini, petani madu di Desa Batu Dulang, Kabupaten Sumbawa hanya mengambil madu hutan dengan cara ditiriskan dan disaring langsung dari sarangnya. Setelah itu, sarang lebah tidak dimanfaatkan dengan optimal. Padahal, pada sarang lebah madu tersebut terdapat propolis yang kaya akan bioflavonoid.Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk menghasilkan propolis dari sarang lebah madu hutan Sumbawa Apis dorsata dan mengidentifikasi senyawa bioflavonoid yang terkandung di dalamnya. Metode yang dilakukan adalah metode eksperimen yang terdiri atas dua tahap. Tahap pertama adalah ekstraksi propolis dari sarang lebah madu Apis dorsata dengan menggunakan metode maserasi dan pemanasan gelombang mikro (microwave assisted extraction). Setelah ekstrak propolis diperoleh, tahap penelitian selanjutnya adalah mengidentifikasi senyawa bioflavonoid yang terkandung menggunakan metode spektrofotometer UV-Vis. Analisis yang dilakukan adalah analisis rendemen dan total bioflavonoid. Pada laporan kemajuan ini, propolis berhasil diekstrak dari sarang lebah madu hutan Apis dorsata, dari Desa Batu Dulang, Kabupaten Sumbawa. Rata-rata rendemen yang dihasilkan adalah 24.43% untuk perlakuan konsentrasi dan pemanasan microwave. Dari tiga konsentrasi pelarut propilen glikol yang digunakan, konsentrasi 20% merupakan konsentrasi pelarut yang optimal dalam menghasilkan rendemen propolis ekstrak pada penelitian ini, yaitu mencapai 30%. Senyawa bioflavonoid dari ketiga konsentrasi akan diuji pada tahap selanjutnya dari penelitian ini

Formation of levoglucosenone and furfural from three different carrageenans via acid-catalyzed pyrolysis in polyethylene glycol

To further develop the potential for carrageenan-use in a seaweed biorefinery, the acid-catalyzed pyrolysis of kappa-, iota- and lambda-carrageenans has been studied in polyethylene glycol (PEG). Using differential scanning calorimetry, it was found that decomposition temperatures for the three polysaccharides were broadened and lowered by 33–60 °C in the presence of H2SO4 and PEG compared to polysaccharide alone. Levoglucosenone (LGO) and furfural were the major products from all polysaccharides with LGO yields of 21.3 mg/gcarr (3.5 mol%), 10.7 mg/gcarr (2.2 mol%) and 3.9 mg/gcarr (1 mol%) and furfural yields of 5.9 mg/gcarr (1.3 mol%), 2.8 mg/gcarr (0.7 mol%) and 1.2 mg/gcarr (0.4 mol%), for kappa-, iota- and lambda-carrageenans, respectively. Total sulfate inversely correlated with the generation of volatile compounds, and the 3,6-anhydro structure may encourage the formation of the major products during the acid-catalyzed pyrolysis of carrageenan in PEG

Oxalic Acid Pretreatment on Enhancement of Enzymatic Saccharification from Napier Grass for Biofuel Production

Thailand as an agricultural country faces significant challenges in managing the abundant biomass waste generated from agricultural activities. Conventional disposal methods such as incineration contribute to pollution and limited availability of landfill space. To mitigate these issues valorization of this biomass waste has been a solution. This study focuses on the utilization of Napier grass as a renewable energy source. In this experiment, the Napier grass samples were pretreated using oxalic acid with temperature variations (50 – 100 °C), time (30 180 min), and oxalic acid concentration (2 10%w/v) to determine the limit of these three factors for optimization studies. The utilization of Box-Behnken Design (BBD) within Response Surface Methodology (RSM) enabled the determination of optimal pretreatment conditions and the exploration of the correlation between pretreatment factors and reducing sugar content. The model predicted pretreatment with an oxalic acid concentration of 6% w/v, pretreated at 100 °C for 105 min as the optimal pretreatment condition to produce a maximum reducing sugar concentration of 10.65 mg/ml. Therefore, the sample was pretreated at optimum conditions and the results revealed the amount of reducing sugar obtained was 10.67 mg/ml, which differed from the predicted value with an error of 0.22%. Thus, this study provides insight for future researchers on the optimum condition that can be applied for pretreating biomass with oxalic acid to maximize the sugar yield

Optimization of Organosolv Pretreatment with Acid Catalyst to Enhance Enzymatic Saccharification of Corn Husk

Due to awareness of global warming and the devastation of environmental resources, the management of agricultural residues after each harvesting season has been integrated into the biorefining process to increase its value and mitigate environmental pollution caused by burning or combustion. This research focuses on the process development to utilize agricultural biomass residues for renewable energy production in the form of bioethanol. The study employed organosolv pretreatment with sulfuric acid as a catalyst to promote the enzymatic conversion of corn husk into reducing sugars. To determine the optimal conditions for the process, a one-factor-at-a-time method was initially employed to assess the influence of temperature (80-140 ºC), time (40-60 min), and sulfuric acid concentration (0.01-0.5% w/w). Subsequently, Response Surface Methodology (RSM) was conducted based on the Box-Behnken design (BBD) to identify the optimal pretreatment conditions. The predicted optimal pretreatment conditions were found to be 135.4 ºC, 57 min, and 0.46% w/w, resulting in a reducing sugar yield of 20.69% with a margin of error of 1.2%. Additionally, biomass composition analysis and Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) were performed to decipher the mechanism of organosolv pretreatment on enzymatic saccharification. This study demonstrated the potential of corn husk as an alternative raw material for the production of value-added products like bioethanol. The obtained reducing sugars serve as vital substrates for the fermentation process required to produce bioethanol as an alternative fuel to meet the target of sustainable development goals (SDGs)

Lignocellulosic Biomass to Biofuel Production: an Application Review of Mechano-chemical Pretreatment

Application of mechanical pretreatment in lignocellulsic biomass using screw press or extruder pretreatment recently gained more interest due to high shear, rapid mixing, short residence time, no inhibitor formation (e.g. furfural and HMF), and moderate operating condition. Even though, the physical structure of biomass could be modified through this process, the lignin is stay still. This remaining lignin cannot be removed and it subsequently inhibits the enzyme activity to hydrolyze cellulose and hemicellulose. Therefore, the chemical addition to remove lignin is considered as the option to combine with mechanical pretreatment to improve the overall pretreatment efficiency. This review provided the study cases focusing on the feasibility of this process and the selection of suitable chemicals in order to implement this process to practical applications in industries.

Identification of Total Bioflavonoid Compound of Propolis Extract from Wild Honey Bee Hives Apis dorsata in Sumbawa Region, Indonesia

Propolis is one of potential products derived from bee hives that contained chemical compounds such as flavonoids and polyphenols. This research aims to extract propolis from Sumbawa bee hives Apis dorsata and identify its total bioflavonoid compound. The method used in this research is experimental studies with two-steps extraction. First, propolis was extracted from the bee hives in maceration process with three different solvents of propylene glycol, which are 10, 20, and 30%. Second, the extraction was optimised using microwave-assisted extraction for 30 s. The Total Flavonoid Equivalent Quercetin (TFEQ) were then investigated using UV-Vis spectrophotometer. The results showed that the highest propolis yield was achieved in the propolis extracted in 20% of propylene glycol with microwave-assisted extraction. On the other hand, the highest Total Flavonoid Equivalent Quercetin (TFEQ) was resulted in the propolis extracted in 30% of propylene glycol continued by microwave-assisted extraction, which is 519.05 μg/mL

Sulfuric acid-catalyzed pyrolysis of iota-carrageenan in polyethylene glycol

The use of seaweed polysaccharides for fine chemical synthesis is a promising approach to replace fossil fuelbased feedstocks. In this work, acid-catalyzed pyrolysis of the polysaccharide iota-carrageenan from red seaweed has been studied using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). DSC shows that sulfuric acid in a polyethylene glycol (PEG) solvent lowers the temperature of the exothermic decomposition peak by ca. 63 ◦C when compared with the pyrolysis of pure polysaccharide. Evolved products from the pyrolysis in a purpose-built glass tube vacuum reactor were analyzed using gas chromatography/mass spectrometry, and showed that levoglucosenone (LGO) and furfural were dominant. Yield of LGO was 12 mg/gIC or 9.0 mol% and of furfural was 2.8 mg/gIC or 2.8 mol% when 2% w/w H2SO4 was used as catalyst