Institutionalized consocialism in Bosnia and Herzegovina

The consocial democracy represents a specific form of democracy typical for the divided societies. Political controversy of national identities in Bosnia and Herzegovina follows the national divisions and take place in the context of ethnic and civic content of those identities. Bosnia and Herzegovina is a country with social groups in constant conflict with each other and therefore consocial model of democracy established by the Dayton-Paris Peace Agreement, is the most effective solution for long-term sustainability. This democratic model of sustainability, and the ability to establish consensus as its key parameter, is particularly important for nationally and / or religiously divided societies, such as Bosnia and Herzegovina. This paper deals with the emergence of institutionalized consocialism in Bosnia and Herzegovina

Long interspersed element-1 (LINE-1): passenger or driver in human neoplasms?

LINE-1 (L1) retrotransposons make up a significant portion of human genomes, with an estimated 500,000 copies per genome. Like other retrotransposons, L1 retrotransposons propagate through RNA sequences that are reverse transcribed into DNA sequences, which are integrated into new genomic loci. L1 somatic insertions have the potential to disrupt the transcriptome by inserting into or nearby genes. By mutating genes and playing a role in epigenetic dysregulation, L1 transposons may contribute to tumorigenesis. Studies of the "mobilome" have lagged behind other tumor characterizations at the sequence, transcript, and epigenetic levels. Here, we consider evidence that L1 retrotransposons may sometimes drive human tumorigenesis

DNA methylation and related mechanisms inhibit LINE-1 (L1) expression, and hypomethylation of DNA allows the L1 retrotransposon “life cycle” to proceed.

<p>In normal somatic cells, DNA methylation and related mechanisms inhibit LINE-1 (L1) expression (left image). In neoplastic cells, hypomethylation of DNA allows the L1 retrotransposon “life cycle” to proceed (right image). Retrotransposition is shown in a simplified schematic under the red box as (from left to right) transcription, assembly of ORF1p and ORF2p with L1 RNA, and insertion of a new L1 sequence (L1′). Related tumor effects are conceptually shown as (i) somatic retrotransposition of L1 and nonautonomous repeat elements, such as <i>Alu</i> repeats; (ii) transcriptional changes induced by L1-encoded promoters (in antisense and sense) or impacts on area methylation; and (iii) L1 ORF2p-generated DNA breaks. ASP, L1 antisense promoter.</p

Repetitive sequences in the human genome.

<p>About half of our DNA bears homology to known classes of repeats (left chart). The largest class of repeats is the non-LTR retrotransposons, which consists mostly of LINE-1 (L1), L2, MIRs, and Alu elements (right chart). L2 and MIR sequences are not currently active, but subsets of L1 (17.88%), Alu (10.76%), and SVA sequences (not shown, 0.1%) are currently mobile in human genomes and are sources of genetic polymorphisms. Proportions were determined using a RepeatMasker (version rm-20110920, default settings, RepBase sequence database version 16.08) analysis of the Human February 2009 (GRCh37/hg19) assembly. LTR, long terminal repeat retrotransposons; L1, long interspersed element–1; L2, long interspersed element–2; MIR, mammalian wide interspersed repeat; <i>Alu</i>, a short interspersed element named for the <i>Alu</i>I restriction enzyme; SVA, a composite retrotransposon consisting of short interspersed repeat (SINE-R), variable number tandem repeat (VNTR), and <i>Alu</i> like sequence segments.</p

Additional file 2 of A map of mobile DNA insertions in the NCI-60 human cancer cell panel

A map of Alu insertion site positions in the NCI-60 cell panel. Genomic coordinates of TIP-chip peaks are provided. Reference insertions are indicated in column D (hg19), and known polymorphic variants are indicated by a ‘Y’ in column E (Y/N, yes/no). For each cell line in columns G-BN, a ‘1’ indicates that the insertion is present, while ‘0’ indicates that the insertion is not found. (XLSX 380 kb