Ejercicios para favorecer el proceso enseñanza- aprendizaje de las sales en el noveno grado (Revisión)

The Ministry of Education is immersed in the improvement of the teaching-learning process in Basic Secondary Education. This research takes into account the potential of the contents in the teaching-learning process of Chemistry in basic secondary education, which aims to develop exercises for the treatment of the content of unit 1: Salts, in the 9th ESBU: degree Josué País García. The theoretical references that support the teaching-learning process of the Chemistry subject are addressed, the diagnosis of the current state of learning of Chemistry in students is made, exercises are proposed to favor the teaching-learning process of salts and it was done the assessment of the results achieved from the application of exercises in pedagogical practice. The application in the pedagogical practice, allowed corroborating its effectiveness in the learning of Chemistry by the students.El Ministerio de Educación se encuentra inmerso en el perfeccionamiento del proceso de enseñanza- aprendizaje en la Educación Secundaria Básica. En esta investigación se tienen en cuenta las potencialidades de los contenidos en el proceso de enseñanza aprendizaje de la Química en la enseñanza secundaria básica, la cual tiene como objetivo la elaboración de ejercicios para el tratamiento del contenido de la unidad 1: Las sales, en el 9no grado de la ESBU: Josué País García. Se abordan los referentes teóricos que sustentan el proceso de enseñanza-aprendizaje de la asignatura Química, se realiza el diagnóstico del estado actual del aprendizaje de la Química en los estudiantes, se proponen ejercicios para favorecer el proceso enseñanza- aprendizaje de las sales y se hizo la valoración de los resultados alcanzados de la aplicación de ejercicios en la práctica pedagógica. La aplicación en la práctica pedagógica, permitió corroborar su efectividad en el aprendizaje de la Química por los estudiantes

Utilización de los métodos productivos en la disciplina Didáctica de la Química para la Licenciatura en Educación. Química (Revisión)

The Didactics of Chemistry at the different levels of education in Cuba implements the general positions of didactics in the teaching-learning process of chemistry, in correspondence with the objectives and content of planned learning. Taking into account the development and knowledge achieved, the goals to be achieved by the students are in turn a starting point for the different Chemistry teaching methodologies that can be developed derived from the theoretical positions that make up this didactics. The objective of this research is to design a proposal for the didactic-methodological structuring of a conference, with the use of productive methods in the Chemistry Didactics discipline for students in the 3rd year of the Bachelor of Education career. Chemistry at the University of Granma. The development is based on the use of theoretical methods, such as analytical-synthetic and inductive-deductive; methods of the empirical level, including observation and survey. The current and novelty of the research lies in the dynamic nature of the different planned activities and at the same time its developer nature, which contribute to the learning of the Chemistry subject in an active and conscious way.La Didáctica de la Química en los diferentes niveles de enseñanza en Cuba instrumenta las posiciones generales de la didáctica en el proceso de enseñanza – aprendizaje de la química, en correspondencia con los objetivos y el contenido de aprendizajes previstos.  Teniendo en cuenta el desarrollo y conocimientos alcanzados, las metas a alcanzar por los educandos estas constituyen a su vez punto de partida para las distintas metodologías de enseñanza de la Química que puedan desarrollarse derivadas de las posiciones teóricas que la conforman esta didáctica. En la presente investigación se persigue como objetivo diseñar una propuesta de estructuración didáctico-metodológica de una conferencia, con la utilización de los métodos productivos en la disciplina Didáctica de la Química para los estudiantes de 3er año de la carrera Licenciatura en Educación. Química en la Universidad de Granma. En el desarrollo se fundamenta la utilización de métodos teóricos, tales como: analítico-sintético e inductivo-deductivo; métodos del nivel empírico, entre ellos: la observación y la encuesta. La actualidad y novedad de la investigación radican en el carácter dinámico de las diferentes actividades planificadas y a la vez su carácter desarrollador, las cuales contribuyen al aprendizaje de la asignatura Química de forma activa y consciente

Sistema de actividades de trabajo independiente para el aprendizaje de las reacciones de oxidación-reducción (Revisión)

The research deals with the need to promote the independent learning of oxidation-reduction reactions in the teaching-learning process of the Chemistry subject in eleventh-grade students of the IPU “Micaela Riera” of Manzanillo. A system of independent work activities is presented and founded with various activities to be developed in the teaching-learning process of said subject, which have been developed taking into account the psycho-pedagogical characteristics of this type of student. The development is based on the use of theoretical methods, such as analytical-synthetic and inductive-deductive; methods of the empirical level, among them: the observation, the survey, the interview, and the pedagogical experiment, as well as the mathematical one of the statistical level. The current and novelty of the research lies in the dynamic nature of the different planned activities and at the same time its developer nature, which contribute to the learning of the Chemistry subject in an active and conscious way.La investigación trata la necesidad de favorecer el aprendizaje, de manera independiente, de las reacciones de oxidación-reducción en el proceso de enseñanza-aprendizaje de la asignatura Química, en los alumnos de onceno grado de el IPU “Micaela Riera” de Manzanillo. Se presenta y fundamenta un sistema de actividades de trabajo independiente con variadas actividades para desarrollarlas en el proceso de enseñanza-aprendizaje de dicha asignatura, las cuales han sido elaboradas teniendo en cuenta las características psico-pedagógicas de este tipo de alumno. En el desarrollo se fundamenta la utilización de métodos teóricos, tales como: analítico-sintético e inductivo-deductivo; métodos del nivel empírico, entre ellos: la observación, la encuesta, la entrevista, y el experimento pedagógico, así como el matemático del nivel estadístico. La actualidad y novedad de la investigación radican en el carácter dinámico de las diferentes actividades planificadas y a la vez su carácter desarrollador, las cuales contribuyen al aprendizaje de la asignatura Química de forma activa y consciente

Tratamiento metodológico de la conferencia de Química a partir de fundamentos de la didáctica desarrolladora (Revisión)

The guiding nature of the objectives and the close relationship between them and the contents, methods, means and evaluation, as essential components of this formative process, as well as the philosophical, sociological, psychological and pedagogical foundations are the current starting point of Education in Cuba. This research aims to guide teachers, through argumentation and demonstration, the methodological aspects for the achievement of the didactic-methodological structuring of the class, so that it contributes to the preparation for the execution of the teaching-learning process developer of the students of the first year of the Bachelor of Education career Chemistry at the University of Granma. Theoretical, empirical and statistical methods are used to carry out the research. Among the theorists: analysis-synthesis, deduction-induction, among the empirical: observation, survey, and documentary analysis. Of the mathematical statistician: techniques of descriptive statistics and percentage calculation. The novelty of the research lies in the methodological treatment of the conference on chemical equilibrium from the foundations of the developer didactics for the integration of the knowledge acquired with a scientific, systemic, integrative and developer approach of the teaching-learning process as well as the development of the skills and values that students should apply in their profession life.El carácter rector de los objetivos y la estrecha relación entre ellos y los contenidos, los métodos, los medios y la evaluación, como componentes esenciales de este proceso formador, así como los fundamentos filosóficos, sociológicos, psicológicos y pedagógicos son el punto de partida actual de la Educación en Cuba. Esta investigación tiene como objetivo  orientar a los profesores, mediante la argumentación y demostración, los aspectos de carácter metodológico para el logro de la estructuración didáctico-metodológica de la clase, de manera que contribuya a la preparación para la ejecución del proceso de enseñanza-aprendizaje desarrollador de los estudiantes del primer año de la carrera Licenciatura en Educación. Química en la Universidad de Granma.  Para el desarrollo de la investigación se utilizan métodos teóricos, empíricos y estadísticos. Entre los teóricos: análisis-síntesis, deducción- inducción, entre los empíricos: la observación, la encuesta, y análisis documental. Del estadístico matemático: técnicas de la estadística descriptiva y el cálculo porcentual. La novedad de la investigación radica en el Tratamiento metodológico de la conferencia sobre el equilibrio químico a partir de los fundamentos de la didáctica desarrolladora para la integración de los conocimientos adquiridos  con un enfoque científico, sistémico, integrador y desarrollador del proceso de enseñanza-aprendizaje  así como el desarrollo de las habilidades y valores que deberán aplicar los estudiantes en su vida profesión

Las actividades prácticas en Biología y su implementación pedagógica

El artículo responde a un proyecto de investigación el cual desarrolla un sistema de habilidades prácticas, relacionadas con la enseñanza de la biología, que reafirman los contenidos teóricos recibidos y contribuyen en la solución de problemas instructivos y educativos mediante situaciones de aprendizajes. Se aplicaron técnicas de investigación pedagógica y de computación con la utilización adecuada de equipos, instrumentos y materiales de laboratorio

Procesos y fenómenos termodinámicos: fundamento teórico-metodológico para la formación inicial del Licenciado en Educación Química (Revisión)

The thermodynamics goes into the relations and energetic dependences between different properties of substances. This leans on a system of necessary terms with numerous variables that students receive from The Basic secondary school, as from the study of theoretic concepts, the ones that go into the Pre-University Teaching and become difficult in the Higher Education to treat the contentses of the subjects of study as from the interpretation of facts, phenomena and processes. The present work reflects the educational step developed to deepen in the knowledge of processes and phenomena with thermodynamic focus directed to than the Chemical sophomore students of the Race Licenciatura in Educación, find application of these in the different subjects of study in the practical life.La termodinámica estudia las relaciones y dependencias energéticas entre distintas propiedades de las sustancias. Esta se apoya en un sistema de términos necesarios con numerosas variables que los estudiantes reciben desde la Secundaria Básica, a partir del estudio de conceptos teóricos, los que se profundizan en la Enseñanza Preuniversitaria, sin embargo, al ingresar a la Educación Superior presentan insuficiencias en la interpretación de hechos, fenómenos y procesos. El presente trabajo refleja la gestión educativa desarrollada para profundizar en el conocimiento de procesos y fenómenos con enfoque termodinámico dirigidos a que los estudiantes de segundo año de la Carrera Licenciatura en Educación Química, encuentren aplicación de estos en las diferentes asignaturas y en la vida práctica

COVID-19 in hospitalized HIV-positive and HIV-negative patients : A matched study

CatedresObjectives: We compared the characteristics and clinical outcomes of hospitalized individuals with COVID-19 with [people with HIV (PWH)] and without (non-PWH) HIV co-infection in Spain during the first wave of the pandemic. Methods: This was a retrospective matched cohort study. People with HIV were identified by reviewing clinical records and laboratory registries of 10 922 patients in active-follow-up within the Spanish HIV Research Network (CoRIS) up to 30 June 2020. Each hospitalized PWH was matched with five non-PWH of the same age and sex randomly selected from COVID-19@Spain, a multicentre cohort of 4035 patients hospitalized with confirmed COVID-19. The main outcome was all-cause in-hospital mortality. Results: Forty-five PWH with PCR-confirmed COVID-19 were identified in CoRIS, 21 of whom were hospitalized. A total of 105 age/sex-matched controls were selected from the COVID-19@Spain cohort. The median age in both groups was 53 (Q1-Q3, 46-56) years, and 90.5% were men. In PWH, 19.1% were injecting drug users, 95.2% were on antiretroviral therapy, 94.4% had HIV-RNA < 50 copies/mL, and the median (Q1-Q3) CD4 count was 595 (349-798) cells/μL. No statistically significant differences were found between PWH and non-PWH in number of comorbidities, presenting signs and symptoms, laboratory parameters, radiology findings and severity scores on admission. Corticosteroids were administered to 33.3% and 27.4% of PWH and non-PWH, respectively (P = 0.580). Deaths during admission were documented in two (9.5%) PWH and 12 (11.4%) non-PWH (P = 0.800). Conclusions: Our findings suggest that well-controlled HIV infection does not modify the clinical presentation or worsen clinical outcomes of COVID-19 hospitalization

Discovering HIV related information by means of association rules and machine learning

Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) is still one of the main health problems worldwide. It is therefore essential to keep making progress in improving the prognosis and quality of life of affected patients. One way to advance along this pathway is to uncover connections between other disorders associated with HIV/AIDS-so that they can be anticipated and possibly mitigated. We propose to achieve this by using Association Rules (ARs). They allow us to represent the dependencies between a number of diseases and other specific diseases. However, classical techniques systematically generate every AR meeting some minimal conditions on data frequency, hence generating a vast amount of uninteresting ARs, which need to be filtered out. The lack of manually annotated ARs has favored unsupervised filtering, even though they produce limited results. In this paper, we propose a semi-supervised system, able to identify relevant ARs among HIV-related diseases with a minimal amount of annotated training data. Our system has been able to extract a good number of relationships between HIV-related diseases that have been previously detected in the literature but are scattered and are often little known. Furthermore, a number of plausible new relationships have shown up which deserve further investigation by qualified medical experts

How do women living with HIV experience menopause? Menopausal symptoms, anxiety and depression according to reproductive age in a multicenter cohort

CatedresBackground: To estimate the prevalence and severity of menopausal symptoms and anxiety/depression and to assess the differences according to menopausal status among women living with HIV aged 45-60 years from the cohort of Spanish HIV/AIDS Research Network (CoRIS). Methods: Women were interviewed by phone between September 2017 and December 2018 to determine whether they had experienced menopausal symptoms and anxiety/depression. The Menopause Rating Scale was used to evaluate the prevalence and severity of symptoms related to menopause in three subscales: somatic, psychologic and urogenital; and the 4-item Patient Health Questionnaire was used for anxiety/depression. Logistic regression models were used to estimate odds ratios (ORs) of association between menopausal status, and other potential risk factors, the presence and severity of somatic, psychological and urogenital symptoms and of anxiety/depression. Results: Of 251 women included, 137 (54.6%) were post-, 70 (27.9%) peri- and 44 (17.5%) pre-menopausal, respectively. Median age of onset menopause was 48 years (IQR 45-50). The proportions of pre-, peri- and post-menopausal women who had experienced any menopausal symptoms were 45.5%, 60.0% and 66.4%, respectively. Both peri- and post-menopause were associated with a higher likelihood of having somatic symptoms (aOR 3.01; 95% CI 1.38-6.55 and 2.63; 1.44-4.81, respectively), while post-menopause increased the likelihood of having psychological (2.16; 1.13-4.14) and urogenital symptoms (2.54; 1.42-4.85). By other hand, post-menopausal women had a statistically significant five-fold increase in the likelihood of presenting severe urogenital symptoms than pre-menopausal women (4.90; 1.74-13.84). No significant differences by menopausal status were found for anxiety/depression. Joint/muscle problems, exhaustion and sleeping disorders were the most commonly reported symptoms among all women. Differences in the prevalences of vaginal dryness (p = 0.002), joint/muscle complaints (p = 0.032), and sweating/flush (p = 0.032) were found among the three groups. Conclusions: Women living with HIV experienced a wide variety of menopausal symptoms, some of them initiated before women had any menstrual irregularity. We found a higher likelihood of somatic symptoms in peri- and post-menopausal women, while a higher likelihood of psychological and urogenital symptoms was found in post-menopausal women. Most somatic symptoms were of low or moderate severity, probably due to the good clinical and immunological situation of these women