2 research outputs found

    Chitosan in the induction of resistance to the damping off tomato seedlings caused by Rhizoctonia solani Kuhn

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    The objective of this study was to evaluate the potential of chitosan in the damping off tomato resistance induction caused by Rhizoctonia solani. The tomato seeds were submerged in solution with chitosan for twenty minutes in concentrations of 0.25; 0.5; 1 and 2% and in the control (distilled water only). The seeds were sown in polystyrene trays containing substrate inoculated with R. solani and kept in a growth chamber with 12 hours photoperiod and temperature of 25 ºC ± 2 °C for 14 days. After this period we evaluated the survival of seedlings, length and fresh weight and activity of the enzyme phenylalanine ammonia lyase (PAL), chitinase and β-1,3-glucanase. The results showed that chitosan when applied to the treatment of tomato seeds at a concentration of 0.30%, favoring the survival of seedlings inoculated with the pathogen substrate. This result is mainly related to the activation of resistance mechanisms in the plant, evidenced by activation of FAL enzymes, chitinase and β-1,3-glucanases.The objective of this study was to evaluate the potential of chitosan in inducing resistance against damping off in tomato caused by Rhizoctonia solani. The tomato seeds were submerged in solution with chitosan for 20 minutes in concentrations of 0.25%; 0.5%; 1% and 2% and in the control (distilled water only). The seeds were sown in polystyrene trays containing substrate inoculated with R. solani and kept in a growth chamber with 12 hours photoperiod and temperature of 25 ± 2 ºC for 14 days. After this period we evaluated the survival of seedlings, length and fresh weight and activity of the enzyme phenylalanine ammonia lyase (PAL), chitinase and β-1.3-glucanase. The results showed that chitosan when applied on tomato seeds at concentration of 0.30% incresead the survival of seedlings growing in substrate inoculated with the pathogen. This result is mainly related to the activation of resistance mechanisms in the plant, evidenced by activation of PAL, chitinases and β-1.3-glucanases enzymes

    Chitosan in the induction of resistance to tipping seedlings of vegetable crops and control of plant pathogens in vitro

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    Induction of resistance is defined as the activation of a state of resistance against diseases which is induced systemically in plants by the use of biotic or abiotic agents without any modification of the plant genome, occurring non-specific way, by activating genes coding for various plant defense responses. Chitosan is a polymer derived from the deacetylation of chitin, which is found in large quantities in crustacean shell, and studied with the potential to control plant pathogens, both by its direct fungistatic action, as the ability to induce protection of plants, indicating the presence of molecules of elicitoras characteristics. Three experiments with objective of evaluating the potential of chitosan in the seedling resistance induction were developed, beet (Beta vulgaris) seeds, cucumber (Cucumis sativus) seeds and tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) seeds, and the control of Fusarium sp., Rhizoctonia solani K¨uhn e Pythium sp. in vitro conditions. The experimental design was completely randomized, with four replications. Beet seeds, tomato and cucumber were submerged in chitosan solution for 20 minutes, in concentrations of 0.25, 0.5, 1 and 2% in the control and distilled water. Seeds were sown in trays containing Plantmax Florestalr substrate sterilized and inoculated with Fusarium sp., Rhizoctonia solani K¨unh and Pythium sp., respectively for the three cultures. The experiment was conducted for 14 days in growth chamber with controlled temperature (25 C 2 C), light (12 hour photoperiod) and humidity (70% 10%). The evaluations were seed emergency, seedling damping-off, seedling length, fresh weight and activity of the enzymes phenylalanine amˆonia-liase (PAL), chitinase and b-1,3-glucanase. It was also rated the mycelial growth of Fusarium sp., Pythium sp. and R. solani on P.D.A. (Potato-Dextrose and Agar) culture medium containing chitosan at the same concentrations evaluated in seeds. For beet growing, seed treatment with chitosan presented higher emergence and the length of the seedlings, and reduced the percentage of tipping. Treatment with chitosan activated the systemic acquired resistance with expression of chitinase and b-1,3-glucanase enzymes. For the tomato crop in chitosan concentration of 0.25% favored the emergency of seedlings, reduced the incidence of tipping and activated the PAL enzymes, chitinase and b-1,3-glucanase. In cucumber on the concentration of up 0.5% favored seedlings emergence and reduces the incidence of tipping. Chitosan activated the PAL enzymes and b-1,3-glucanase. Chitosan also presented fungistatic action on the initial growth of Pythium sp. and R. solani in vitro conditions, however, such action did not prevail until the end of the experiment. To Fusarium sp. the concentration of chitosan resulted in the reduction of mycelial growth in vitro.CAPESA indução de resistência é conceituada como a ativação de um estado de resistência contra doenças, o qual é induzido sistemicamente em plantas pela utilização de agentes bióticos ou abióticos, sem qualquer alteração do genoma da planta, ocorrendo de maneira não específica, por meio da ativação de genes que codificam para diversas respostas de defesa vegetal. A quitosana é um polímero derivado da desacetilação da quitina, encontrada em grande quantidade na carapaça de crustáceos, sendo estudada com potencial para controle fitopatógenos, tanto para sua ação fungistática direta, quanto pela capacidade de induzir a defesa das plantas, indicando a presença de moléculas com características elicitoras. Foram desenvolvidos três experimentos com objetivos de avaliar o potencial da quitosana na indução de resistência a plântulas de beterraba (Beta vulgaris), tomate (Solanum lycopersicum) e pepino (Cucumis sativus) e no controle de Fusarium sp., Rhizoctonia solani Kuhn e Pythium sp. em condições in vitro. O delineamento experimental foi inteiramente casualisado, com quatro repetições As sementes de beterraba, tomate e pepino foram submersas em solução de quitosana por 20 minutos, nas concentrações de 0,25; 0,5; 1 e 2% e na testemunha água destilada. As sementes foram semeadas em bandejas de poliestireno expandido contendo substrato lantmax Florestalr previamente esterilizado e inoculado com Fusarium sp., Rhizoctonia solani Kuhn e Pythium sp., respectivamente, para as três culturas. O experimento foi conduzido por 14 dias em câmara de cultivo com controle de temperatura (25 C 2 C), luminosidade (fotoperíodo de 12 horas) e umidade relativa (70% 10%). As avaliações realizadas foram emergência das sementes, tombamento de plântulas, comprimento de plântulas, massa da matéria fresca e atividade das enzimas fenilalanina amônia-liase (FAL), quitinases e b-1,3- glucanase. Foi avaliado tamb´em o crescimento micelial de Fusarium sp., Pythium sp. e R. solani em meio de cultura B.D.A. (Batata-Dextrose e Agar) contendo quitosana nas mesmas concentrações avaliadas nas sementes. Na cultura da beterraba, o tratamento de sementes com quitosana propiciou maior emergência e comprimento das plântulas, e reduziu o percentual de tombamento. O tratamento com quitosana ativou a resistência sistêmica adquirida com expressão das enzimas quitinases e b-1,3-glucanase. No tomate a quitosana na concentração de 0,25% favoreceu a emergência das plântulas, reduziu a incidência de tombamento e ativou as enzimas FAL, quitinases e b-1,3-glucanase. Em pepino, com concentração de até 0,5%, favoreceu a emergência das plântulas e reduziu a incidência de tombamento. A quitosana ativou as enzimas FAL e b-1,3-glucanase. A quitosana também apresentou ação fungistática sobre o crescimento inicial de Pythium sp. e Rhizoctonia solani Kuhn em condições in vitro, no entanto, tal ação não prevaleceu até o término do experimento. Para Fusarium sp. o aumento da concentração da quitosana resultou na redução do crescimento micelial in vitro
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