Inequalities in health status of world population

Abstract: Objectives The paper aims to study the regional variation in population health at world level. It focuses on the analysis of the influence of determinant factors, such as geographic region and income, on health. Prior Work If previous studies on health refer to a specific group of countries, the paper expands the analysis of health status to world countries. Based on prior findings from the literature regarding the factors that affect health, the paper considers two main determinants, income and geographic region. Approach The health status of the population is assessed through a widely used indicator, namely life expectancy at birth, observed for a sample of 193 countries, in 2009. For the analysis of variation of life expectancy among world regions we apply the ANOVA and contrasts methods. We test the differences in life expectancy for different groups of countries. Results The results show that high income countries have the highest average life expectancy. Moreover, life expectancy in European countries is higher than American countries, while African countries have the lowest life expectancy compared to the rest of the world. Implications The existence of differences in life expectancy among world countries reveal the need for differentiated health policies in order to eradicate factors that have negative effects on population health. Value The paper allows to identify the regions that are best performers in health and to explain the differences in health between countries grouped by income level and geographic position

The Influence of Covid-19 Pandemy on Financial Fraud Risk Assessment

In today's economic environment, the many harms caused by financial fraud have attracted increased attention from academia and regulatory bodies alike. In the last two decades, marked by great crises, pandemics, financial fraud has affected to the global economy, being a threat for stability of the capital markets. The purpose of this study is to highlight the main aspects of the specialized literature on the subject of fraud risk, for its analysis and assessment. This study aims to obtain a financial profile of entities at risk of being subject to financial reporting fraud or asset misappropriation. The sample is represented by the entities listed on the BSE regulated market in the period 2020-2022. According to the object of activity, the analyzed entities are grouped as follows: chemical-pharmaceutical, tourism and services. In the study it is proposed the option of analyzing and assessment of fraud risk using quantitative and qualitative methods

Empirical study on the solutions for rendering the activities of the Romanian agricultural companies more effective

The characteristics of the current economic environment, where the fight for profit becomes harsher by the day, determine the autochthonous agricultural companies to face significant pressures, generated by the global food market. This is the effect of the compromises made in accepting, both at the level of international legislation and at the level of the final consumer, of synthetic products and genetically modified cultures. Also, the strong specialization completed by the technological and technical “flexibility” of the international companies imposes on Romanian organizations competitive restrictions concerning the sale prices of the products. In this context, a dynamic adaptation of the business plans is necessary, as the competitive market does not allow any deviation from the correct dimensioning of the resources invested into the activity, from the cautious management of the operational activity or the optimum level of work productivity. The present study aims, based on a sample of 40 BSE quoted companies, to analyze the extent to which organizational performance is determined by the volume of the investments, by the size of the stocks, by the degree of integration of the economic cycle, and by the level of work productivity. The specificity of the activity is taken into account in the analysis, as it decisively influences the considered factors. The results of the study reveal a positive association of the degree of integration of the economic cycle with the net profit, while a high weight of the stocks in the total assets determines a decrease in it. Higher productive investments, together with an increase in work effectiveness, imply achieving superior economic benefits. In order to obtain the results of the research, the following tools have been used: the ratio analysis, the multiple correspondences factor analysis, and the multiple linear regression analysis with category variables (ANCOVA). The data were processed using SPSS 19.0 statistic software

Exploratory study of the analysis of the performance of stock exchange quoted companies, per activity fields

In order to support strategic decisions, current and potential investors as well as managers need pertinent information that would reflect a faithful image concerning the financial position and performance of the companies. In their analysis and evaluation, besides financial factors, it is necessary to consider non-financial factors as well. Therefore, the specificity of the activity fields of the companies influence a series of financial indicators, determining different results concerning their performance. The present study aims to analyze the financial performance according to the activity field (agriculture, industry, commerce, and services), quantified by criteria based on traditional financial indicators, respectively stock exchange criteria for the acknowledgement of the global performance by the participants to the capital market. The study also aims identify a performance profile of the companies, according to their activity field and to the performance criteria considered. The target population is represented by companies quoted in the Bucharest Stock Exchange (BSE). From it, a random sample was extracted of 100 quoted companies, activating in the field of agriculture, industry, commerce, and services, for the fiscal year 2011. The results of the research were obtained after applying the univariate analysis and the multiple correspondences factor analysis, using the SPSS 19.0 statistic software. The results show the existence of differences in what concerns the indicators of financial performance on activity fields. The characteristics of each activity field, as well as the risks corresponding to each of them, influence the traditional indicators, as well as the stock exchange indicators. Each field is characterized by certain performance indicators. Based on the results obtained through the performance profile of the companies according to their activity field, actual and potential investors, as well as the other categories of stakeholders, can make decisions without a complete fundamental analysis. Although the results are a useful means for the stakeholders, they must also take into account the limitations of the current study, which are determined by the degree of representativeness of the sample, respectively by the small number of companies in each of the four activity fields, quoted on the Romanian capital market. As a result of these limitations, future research directions concern the increase of the number of studied companies, by extending the analyzed period and taking into consideration other performance criteria as well, such as those focused on value creation, or related to the cash flow

Empirical study on the identification and analysis of a profile of the agricultural companies

In the current economic environment, marked by a strong instability of the markets, at the real flows and at the cash flows, by significant social changes and with major food price increases, the likelihood of a food crisis is looming more and more obvious. In this situation, in Romania, the agricultural sector can be the engine of economic recovery and the determinant factor in ensuring the food security for our people. In order to streamline this sector, neglected over the past decade, the essential condition is the correct and timely information to investors. They must be given the opportunity and the necessary instrumentation to know the profitability profile of agricultural companies in order to make the best financial decisions. Based on data collected in the agricultural sector companies, listed on the Bucharest Stock Exchange (BSE), this study aims to identify and analyze a profitability profile (for the three types of return: return on assets, return on equity, return on turnover). In analyzing the profitability profile of the firms, the activity objects of agriculture were taken into account (animals breeding and plants crop), the membership of a particular region of the country and the financial structure chosen by specific values of the financial leverage. Moreover, the influence of these factors on the three types of returns examined was determined and estimated. The study was conducted based on a BSE survey-based of 42 listed companies, based on financial information reported for the financial year 2009. In order to obtain the research results, the data analysis methods used were the multiple correspondence factorial analysis (to obtain the profitability profile) and the linear regression analysis with alternative variables, of the Dummy type (to estimate the influence of the factors on the returns). Data were processed using the statistical tools SPSS 19.0 and SAS 9.2

L'ANALYSE DE L'INFLUENCE DES COMPOSANTS DES ETATS FINANCIERS SUR LA CAPITALISATION BOURSIÈRE DES ENTREPRISES ROUMAINES, DANS LES CONDITIONS DE LA CRISE

International audienceThe global financial crisis has greatly affected the Romanian financial market and also the listed companies, with a direct impact on the content of the published financial statements. This reduced the satisfaction regarding the informational requirements of shareholders. This study aims to estimate the influence of the financial statements, under the conditions of the crisis on the market capitalization. The study was conducted at the level of Romanian companies listed between 2005 and 2011. For data analysis the advanced statistical methods were used. The research results show the major components of the financial statements that were identified for the Romanian listed companies and include the estimation of the influence of identified components on market capitalization.La crise financière a affecté fortement le marché financier roumain et aussi les entreprises cotées, avec un impact direct sur le contenu des états financiers publiés. Cela a réduit la satisfaction des exigences informationnelles des shareholders. L'étude vise à estimer l'influence des états financiers, dans les conditions de la crise, sur la capitalisation boursière. L'étude a été menée au niveau des entreprises roumaines cotées dans la période 2005-2011. Pour analyser les données on a utilisé des méthodes statistiques avancées. Les résultats de l'étude visent à identifier les principaux composants des états financiers au niveau des entreprises roumaines cotées et à estimer et tester l'influence des composantes sur la capitalisation boursière

The Discriminant Analysis: an Exploratory Study Concerning the Degree of Financial Autonomy of Companies in the Context of the Romanian Business Environment

This study aims at analyzing the evolution of financial autonomy on a sample of 80 companies quoted in the Bucharest Stock Exchange, between 2006-2008. Classically, financial autonomy is measured using the global and day-to-day rates of financial autonomy. However, this study has tested the dependency between the global rate of financial autonomy (Own Capital/ Total debts) and a series of economic and financial indicators, with the purpose of obtaining both a score function that would help making a classification of the companies subject to our analysis, in performance groups (companies with a high financial autonomy, companies with a medium financial autonomy, companies with a low financial autonomy, and companies with no financial autonomy), and quantifying the influence of the relative variations of these economic and financial indicators on the relative variation of financial autonomy. In order to calculate the results, the statistic instrument SPSS 15.0 was used, and the work method was the discriminant analysis and the regression and multiple correlation analysis.Cluster analysis, financial autonomy, internal financing, crisis, discriminant analysis.