Evapotranspiração e coeficiente da cultura do mamoeiro Evapotranspiration and crop coefficient of papaya

O trabalho teve como objetivos determinar a evapotranspiração da cultura (ETc) e o coeficiente da cultura (Kc) para o mamoeiro (Carica papaya L.). O experimento foi realizado na área de convênio UENF/PESAGRO-RIO, no município de Campos dos Goytacazes - RJ, no período de 25-4-2006 a 20-8-2007, utilizando o mamoeiro cultivar Híbrido UENF/CALIMAN01. Para a determinação da ETc e do Kc, foi utilizado lisímetro de pesagem com área superficial de 6 m². A evapotranspiração de referência (ETo) foi estimada pelo método de Penman-Monteith (FAO). A evapotranspiração máxima da cultura foi de 2,9 mm dia-1, aos 229 dias após o transplantio (DAT), sendo a evapotranspiração média da cultura, em todo o período, de 1,8 mm dia ¹. O valor do Kc do mamoeiro variou linearmente de 0,63 até 1,05, do transplantio até 206 DAT. Após esse período, a variação do Kc relacionou-se inversamente com o diâmetro de copa, reduzindo-se ao valor médio mínimo de 0,81, aos 300 DAT. Considerando todo o período em estudo, obteve-se Kc médio de 0,87.<br>This study aimed to determine the crop evapotranspiration (ETc) and the crop coefficient (Kc) for of UENF/CALIMAN01 papaya hybrid (Carica papaya L.). The experiment was conducted in an area of UENF/PESAGRO-RIO, in Campos dos Goytacazes, RJ, Brazil, from 4-25-2006 to 8-20-2007. To determine the ETc and Kc, a weighing lysimeter (6 m²) was used. The reference evapotranspiration (ETo) was determined by the Penmam-Monteith (FAO) method. The maximum crop evapotranspiration was of 2.9 mm day-1, 229 days after the transplant (DAT), and the medium crop evapotranspiration during the experiment was of 1.8 mm day-1. The value of crop coefficient (Kc) varied linearly from 0.63 to 1.05, the transplant to 206 DAT. After this period, the variation of Kc presented inversely relation with the canopy diameter, being reduced to a value medium minimum of 0.81, to 300 DAT. Considering the whole period of study, it was obtained an average Kc of 0.87

Relação entre a produtividade do mamoeiro e o déficit hídrico (ky) na região Norte Fluminense Response coefficient of papaya yield to water stress (ky) in Northern Rio de Janeiro

Teve-se como objetivo neste trabalho, determinar o coeficiente de resposta ao déficit hídrico na produção de frutos comerciais e totais do mamoeiro, cultivado na região Norte do Estado do Rio de Janeiro. O experimento foi realizado na área de convênio UENF/PESAGRO-RIO, no município de Campos dos Goytacazes, RJ, no período de 25/04/2006 a 18/05/2007, utilizando-se o mamoeiro cultivar Híbrido UENF/CALIMAN01 e um delineamento em blocos casualizados, com cinco tratamentos, correspondendo às reposições de 50% (T1), 75% (T2), 100% (T3), 125% (T4) e 150% (T5) da evapotranspiração de referência (ETo), com quatro repetições. A máxima produção comercial real da cultura, aos 13 meses de cultivo e com quatro meses de colheita, foi de 38,78 t ha-1 (T3) e a máxima produção total real encontrada foi de 49,42 t ha-1 (T5). O mamoeiro cultivar Híbrido UENF/CALIMAN01 conduzido até os 13 meses de cultivo e com quatro meses de colheita, apresentou um coeficiente de resposta de produção (ky) para frutos comerciais de 1,4581 e para produção total um coeficiente igual a 0,5674.<br>The objective of this study was to determine the response coefficient to water stress in the commercial and total yield of papaya fruits grown in the northern region of the State of Rio de Janeiro. The experiment was conducted in an area of UENF/PESAGRO-RIO in the municipality of Campos dos Goytacazes, Rio de Janeiro, from 25/04/2006 to 18/05/2007, using the papaya cultivar Hybrid UENF/CALIMAN01. The experiment had a randomized block design with five treatments [replacement of reference evapotranspiration (ETo) by 50% (T1), 75% (T2), 100% (T3), 125% (T4) and 150% (T5)], with four replications. The highest real commercial yield of the crop after 13 months of growth and four harvest months was 38.78 t ha-1 (T3) and the highest total real yield was 49.42 t ha-1 (T5). After 13 months of growth and 4 harvest months of the papaya cultivar Hybrid UENF/CALIMAN01 the response coefficient for commercial fruit yield (ky) was 1.4581 and 0.5674 for total yield

fMRI of Emotion

Recent brain imaging work has expanded our understanding of the mechanisms of perceptual, cognitive, and motor functions in human subjects, but research into the cerebral control of emotional and motivational function is at a much earlier stage. Important concepts and theories of emotion are briefly introduced, as are research designs and multimodal approaches to answering the central questions in the field. We provide a detailed inspection of the methodological and technical challenges in assessing the cerebral correlates of emotional activation, perception, learning, memory, and emotional regulation behavior in healthy humans. fMRI is particularly challenging in structures such as the amygdala as it is affected by susceptibility-related signal loss, image distortion, physiological and motion artifacts, and colocalized Resting State Networks (RSNs). We review how these problems can be mitigated by using optimized echo-planar imaging (EPI) parameters, alternative MR sequences, and correction schemes. High-quality data can be acquired rapidly in these problematic regions with gradient-compensated multiecho EPI or high-resolution EPI with parallel imaging and optimum gradient directions, combined with distortion correction. Although neuroimaging studies of emotion encounter many difficulties regarding the limitations of measurement precision, research design, and strategies of validating neuropsychological emotion constructs, considerable improvement in data quality and sensitivity to subtle effects can be achieved. The methods outlined offer the prospect for fMRI studies of emotion to provide more sensitive, reliable, and representative models of measurement that systematically relate the dynamics of emotional regulation behavior with topographically distinct patterns of activity in the brain. This will provide additional information as an aid to assessment, categorization, and treatment of patients with emotional and personality disorders