Supporting High Quality Early Childhood Experiences for Children with and Without Disabilities and Their Families in Nevada

It has become common for young children to be enrolled in some form early care or education programs before entering kindergarten (Whitebrook, McLean, & Austin, 2016). These experiences can encompass a range of programs and many families use multiple programs to meet their needs (U.S. Census Bureau, 2013). According to the U.S. Departments of Health and Human Services and Education (DHHS/DOE; 2014) early care and education includes programs that: provide early care and education to children birth through age five, where the majority of children in the program are typically developing. These include, but are not limited to, private or publicly funded center or family-based child care, home visiting, Early Head Start, Head Start, private preschool, and public school and community-based pre-kindergarten programs, including those in charter schools. (p.1) Quality early childhood programs help to promote children’s learning and development across all domains of development and prepare them for kindergarten. For children with disabilities, being meaningfully included in early care and education programs can support positive gains in development and learning. Furthermore, these early childhood programs have become vital for parents of young children to seek out employment, further education, and respite from the demands of parenting (Shonkoff & Phillips, 2000). However, families of young children with and without disabilities continue to struggle with access to affordable programs that meet the complex needs of families and support high quality and evidence-based early childhood education. As with the rest of the country, Nevada has been working to further the quantity and quality of early care and education experiences for its youngest residents and their families. However, as early childhood programs cross multiple sectors, departments, funding streams, and state and federal policies as well as challenges to serving children in urban, rural, and tribal areas of the state, moving ideas into action has been difficult

The earliest known sailing directions in English

Die originären Zusammenstellungen navigatorischer Informationen, die in die früheste Segelanweisung (Rutter) in englischer Sprache einflossen, sind nicht bekannt. Erhalten sind nur Abschriften aus der Mitte des 15. Jahrhunderts, die nie auf See benutzt wurden. Der vorliegende Aufsatz ist eine kommentierte Analyse einer Segelanweisung aus der Hastings Manuskript-Sammlung der Pierpont Morgan Library in New York. Der auf Pergament geschriebene Text, der zwei weitbekannte kolorierte Schiffsminiaturen enthält, datiert vor 1461 und ähnelt einem anderen aus der Lansdowne Collection der British Library in London, ist aber textlich weniger verderbt. Die Segelanweisung ist eine eklektische Mischung aus originär englischen und anderen Quellen, die wahrscheinlich im frühen 15. Jahrhundert zusammengetragen wurden. Sie schließt ältere Informationen wahrscheinlich des 14. Jahrhunderts und Auszüge aus südeuropäischen Segelanweisungen mit ein. Obwohl der Kompilator des Textes nicht bekannt ist, legen textimmanente Merkmale nahe, daß es ein Schiffer der Ostküste Englands war, dessen Seegebiet sich vom Ärmelkanal und den Gewässern um Irland bis zu den atlantischen Küsten Frankreichs und der Iberischen Halbinsel erstreckte. Die englischen Informationen, die in einem narrativen Stil niedergeschrieben sind, schreiten generell von Nord nach Süd fort und wurden wohl vom Kompilator als persönliche Erinnerungshilfe aufgezeichnet. Sie bestehen aus Wegpunktlisten, verbunden durch Kursangaben, wobei Gezeitenstromangaben und wenige Landmarken, Lotungstiefen, Hafenzeiten, Bodenbeschaffenheiten des Meeresgrundes sowie Informationen über Ansteuerungen und Reeden eingestreut sind. Das als Auszüge aus anderen Segelanweisungen erkennbare Material ist thematisch geordnet und besteht aus Kursen zwischen Wegpunkten oder Lotungstiefen mit Angabe der Grundbeschaffenheit. Es schreitet generell von Süd nach Nord fort. Auf der Grundlage einer der Sequenzen von Tiefenangaben wird eine hypothetische Route der Weinschiffe über den Golf von Biscaya nachgezeichnet. Die wechselnde Lage von Sandbänken und Küstenlinien schließt den genauen Nachvollzug der Kurse in bestimmten Gebieten aus, aber die Genauigkeit der nachprüfbaren Peilungen/ Kurse reicht von 87% "Sicherheit" an der französischen Westküste bis zu 50% "Sicherheit" an der englischen Ostküste.Wenn bekannt wäre, ob die Schiffer ihre Versetzung durch Gezeitenstrom berücksichtigten, könnten diese Zahlen besser sein. Die Richtungsangaben für Gezeitenstrom sind meistens akzeptabel, aber ihre Zeitangaben sind für eine wirkliche Berechnung durch zu wenige Hafenzeiten abgesichert. Der Wert der navigatorischen Angaben variiert abhängig vom Seegebiet von "in Verbindung mit einem Lotsen wertvolle" bis "verhältnismäßig sorgfältige, wenn auch schlichte Segelanweisung"

The potential for tidal power generation at western European coastal wetlands: identification of sites and their biological importance

The possible threats to western European coastal wetlands from tidal power generation were ascertained in this study by means of "desk-top" calculations and literature reviews. The physical characteristics of an estuary or embayment that may lead to economical tidal power generation were identified, the principal three being:- a macrotidal environment, i.e. greater than 4 metre tidal range,- a water depth along the barrage alignment of at least four metres,- a tidal prism behind the barrage alignment which is of sufficient magnitude. Using the "desk-top" Parametric Method which is based upon relationships amongst three of the key physical characteristics, the present study has tentatively identified 33 barrage alignments at 26 sites in western Europe which potentially offer economical tidal power generation. For each of these 26 sites, a provisional inventory of data relating to their natural resources was compiled. The inventory summarises the types of information available and their sources. Extreme variability exists between sites in the level of detail of such data. Possible effects on the biological importance of an estuary from a tidal power barrage were considered from the ornithological viewpoint. A literature review suggests that our understanding of the mechanisms controlling an estuary's bird community is relatively well advanced. However, a review of environmental impact assessments showed that none have been able to predict, with any confidence, the effect of a tidal power barrage upon bhds. This is due to a combination of factors: the lack of data on natural resources, an inadequate understanding of the interactive processes between the different estuarine components and an incomplete picture of the hydrological and sedimentation patterns post-barrage. An example of our current knowledge and its limitations is illustrated through a desk study of the ornithological implications of tidal power generation at the Burry Inlet, South Wales

Simplified models of stellar wind anatomy for interpreting high-resolution data: Analytical approach to embedded spiral geometries

Recent high-resolution observations have shown stellar winds to harbour complexities which strongly deviate from spherical symmetry, generally assumed as standard wind model. One such morphology is the archimedean spiral, generally believed to be formed by binary interactions, which has been directly observed in multiple sources. We seek to investigate the manifestation in the observables of spiral structures embedded in the spherical outflows of cool stars. We aim to provide an intuitive bedrock with which upcoming ALMA data can be compared and interpreted. By means of an extended parameter study, we model rotational CO emission from the stellar outflow of asymptotic giant branch stars. To this end, we develop a simplified analytical parametrised description of a 3D spiral structure. This model is embedded into a spherical wind, and fed into the 3D radiative transfer code LIME, which produces 3D intensity maps throughout velocity space. Subsequently, we investigate the spectral signature of rotational transitions of CO of the models, as well as the spatial aspect of this emission by means of wide-slit PV diagrams. Additionally, the potential for misinterpretation of the 3D data in a 1D context is quantified. Finally, we simulate ALMA observations to explore the impact of interefrometric noise and artifacts on the emission signatures. The spectral signatures of the CO rotational transition v=0 J=3-2 are very efficient at concealing the dual nature of the outflow. Only a select few parameter combinations allow for the spectral lines to disclose the presence of the spiral structure. The inability to disentangle the spiral from the spherical signal can result in an incorrect interpretation in a 1D context. Consequently, erroneous mass loss rates would be calculated..