Significant Group × Session interaction (p<0.05, corrected) during the anticipation phase of our gambling task (left panel).

<p>To illustrate the nature of the interaction effect, the middle panel shows parameter estimates (in the order placebo at scan 1, placebo at scan 2, AS at scan 1 (before sensitisation), AS at scan 2 (after sensitisation) from the mean response within an associative striatal ROI. The graph on the right shows the correlation between sensitisation-related change in striatal BOLD signal during anticipation and the change in subjective response to amphetamine. All parameter estimates reflect the mean response in arbitrary BOLD units. Results are shown with the standard error of the mean.</p

Upper Panel: Brain regions identified as displaying sensitivity to the task phases (i.e. decision, anticipation, wins and losses) in the placebo group (left panel).

<p>Parameter estimates for key dopaminergic and reward-related areas showing a significant main effect of task (right panel). Lower Panel: Brain regions where BOLD signal was modulated by reward probability the placebo group (left panel). Parameter estimates from the occipital cortex and precuneus, regions that display a significant main effect of reward probability. All parameter estimates reflect the mean response in arbitrary BOLD units. Results are shown with the standard error of the mean.</p

Neonatal, socio-demographic, neuropsychological and on-line behavioural data of the PVH+VD and UPVH groups performing an n-back task.

+<p>Mean and standard deviation (SD) are presented, unless otherwise stated ^a The time taken to initiate the problems ^b The time taken to complete the problems ^c The number of problems solved in minimum moves ^a,b The planning and execution times were calculated at the highest level of difficulty (5 moves) to minimize possible ceiling effects.</p><p>Neonatal, socio-demographic, neuropsychological and on-line behavioural data of the PVH+VD and UPVH groups performing an n-back task.</p

Published reports of overall incidence of affective psychosis, including bipolar disorder and the depressive psychosis, and substance-induced psychoses, England, 1950–2009.

1<p>ÆSOP: Southeast London, Nottingham, Bristol.</p>2<p>Composite perceived urbanicity rank, assessed by 4 raters (JBK, PBJ, TJC, RM). 1 = most urban, 38 = least urban.</p>3<p>Mid-year of case ascertainment period (duration in years).</p>4<p>Study quality according to criteria outlined in methodology. Min = 0, Max = 7.</p>5<p>Numbers <i><u>underlined in italics</u></i> denote a derived N – not reported in original citation but possible to derive from other provided data.</p>6<p>Crude incidence per 100,000 unless specified. <i><u>Underlined italics</u></i> denote derived rate.</p

Reported incidence rate ratios of schizophrenia by ethnic group and country of birth, England, 1950–2009.

<p>Point estimates are colored by broad ethnic group. IRR are in descending order for narrow ethnic groups. Baselines: †white British; ‡white group; *Non black Caribbean; ∧UK-born. C96 did not provide data to estimate confidence intervals. i, ii, iii & iv: Upper confidence limits truncated for clarity. Actual values: i:26.2; ii: 23.4; iii: 23.6; iv: 66.5.</p

Reported overall incidence of various psychotic disorders in England, 1950–2009.

<p>The incidence of different psychotic disorders is plotted for each citation which contributed a primary rate for analysis. As the diagnostic category moves from broader (i.e. all psychotic disorders) to narrower diagnostic conditions (i.e. schizophrenia, bipolar disorder) incidence rates tend to decrease. This figure also reveals absolute differences in rates between certain conditions, for example schizophrenia vs. bipolar disorder. One identified point estimate is not shown <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0031660#pone.0031660-Mahmmood1" target="_blank">[101]</a> because it pertained only to rates up to age 35 years. Remaining estimates cover the full adult age range, typically until the mid-sixties.</p

Published reports of overall incidence of all psychotic disorders, non-affective psychoses and schizophrenia, England, 1950–2009.

1<p>ÆSOP: SE London, Nottingham, Bristol.</p>2<p>Composite perceived urbanicity rank, assessed by 4 raters (JBK, PBJ, TJC, RM). 1 = most urban, 38 = least urban.</p>3<p>Mid-year of case ascertainment period (duration in years).</p>4<p>Study quality according to criteria outlined in methodology. Min = 0, Max = 7.</p>5<p>Numbers <i><u>underlined in italics</u></i> denote a derived N – not reported in original citation but possible to derive from other provided data.</p>6<p>Crude incidence per 100,000 unless specified. <i><u>Underlined italics</u></i> denote derived rate.</p>a<p>adjusted rate.</p><p>NA = Not further information provided or derivable.</p

Overview of bibliographic databases used to identify relevant citations.

*<p>Accessed 29^th February, 2012.</p

Citations reporting incidence of schizophrenia over time in England, 1881–1999, organised by study setting.

†<p><a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0031660#s3" target="_blank">Results</a> from Dumfries & Galloway (Scotland) not officially part of present review but included as part of study.</p>‡<p>First time period lies outside the scope of this review, but results presented in table for completeness.</p>∧<p>(+) Increase in rate; (−) decrease in rate; (∼) no change in rate observed.</p

Flow diagram (selection strategy) of included studies.

<p>For the present paper, we included 83 citations which were either incidence only (n = 72) or incidence and prevalence studies (n = 11). ¹See <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0031660#s2" target="_blank">Methods</a> section and ON2 for full details ²ASSIA: Applied Social Sciences Index & Abstracts. HMIC: Health Management Information Consortium ³Supplemental data was obtained in instances where the authors stated or alluded to the availability of additional relevant data, not originally published. These data were not entered as separate citations.</p