Reproducibility (analysis II) of size and shape in the 20 women sample with three replicas: Procrustes ANOVA comparing individual variation, in centroid size and shape, to measurement error.

<p>Reproducibility (analysis II) of size and shape in the 20 women sample with three replicas: Procrustes ANOVA comparing individual variation, in centroid size and shape, to measurement error.</p

(II) Reproducibility of centroid size visualized using jitter plots for the three sets of landmarks (nose, bone and all landmarks) using estimates from the three operators.

<p>(II) Reproducibility of centroid size visualized using jitter plots for the three sets of landmarks (nose, bone and all landmarks) using estimates from the three operators.</p

(II) Reproducibility of shape: UPGMA phenogram based on Procrustes shape distances for the 20 women (each indentified by a progressive number from 1 to 20) digitized by all three operators: With high reproducibility, all three replicas, or at least two of them, should cluster together 'within' individual (black numbers); when this does not happen, numbers are shown using light grey.

<p>As in <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0197675#pone.0197675.g004" target="_blank">Fig 4</a>, nasal data are used as an example.</p

Landmark detection using multi planar reconstruction (MPR) with axial view as the centre of orientation.

<p>Plotted landmarks: 1. Glabella, 2. Soft Nasion, 3. Hard Nasion, 4. Pronasale 5. Subnasale 6. Anterior nasal spine, 7. Sella 8 & 9. Alare 10 & 11. Orbitale 12 & 13 Porion 14 & 15 Zygion.</p

Reproducibility (analysis II) of size and shape in the replica sample: Between operators pairwise correlations of centroid size (Pearson correlation) and shape (correlation of shape Procrustes distance matrices).

<p>Reproducibility (analysis II) of size and shape in the replica sample: Between operators pairwise correlations of centroid size (Pearson correlation) and shape (correlation of shape Procrustes distance matrices).</p

Inter-operator bias (analyses II-III): R2 of centroid size and shape estimated in ANOVAs using operator as a grouping factor in the replica sample and the study sample.

<p>For the study sample, R2 for sex, as main factor above operator, is also shown.</p

(II) Reproducibility of size: Scatterplot of nasal size used as an example of the graphical exploration of similarities across different operators: Operators 1 and 2 are shown respectively on the horizontal and vertical axes, while the size of the circles is proportional to size estimated from operator 3.

<p>(II) Reproducibility of size: Scatterplot of nasal size used as an example of the graphical exploration of similarities across different operators: Operators 1 and 2 are shown respectively on the horizontal and vertical axes, while the size of the circles is proportional to size estimated from operator 3.</p

Procrustes-based geometric morphometrics on MRI images: An example of inter-operator bias in 3D landmarks and its impact on big datasets - Fig 6

<p>(III) Inter-operator bias: Scatterplots of the first two PCs (principal components) of total shape (all 15 landmarks) accounting for respectively 15.5% and 11.0% of total variance; sex (a) and operator (b) are shown using different symbols. Despite PCs being computed regardless of a priori groups, operators (a meaningless grouping factor in the absence of bias) show less overlap than sexes (i.e., biological groups).</p

Association between sex hormones and anthropometry in men and women.

<p>Association between sex hormones and anthropometry in men and women.</p

Associations of sex hormones with leptin.

<p>Analysis of testosterone, estrone, androstendione, and dehydroepiandrosterone-sulfate (DHEAS) with body-mass-index (BMI) and leptin among men (upper part) and women (lower part). Linear regression adjusted for age, sex, smoking, physical activity, type 2 diabetes mellitus, hypertension, and cholesterol.</p