Tissue lipides in domestic animals: with special reference to the pregnant ewe

(1) Methods of lipide analysis have been surveyed and suitable techniques adopted for a study of tissue lipides in domestic animals. (2) Data are presented for liver lipides in twenty-five non-pregnant and ninety pregnant ewes,showing that fatty infiltration of the liver is quite common in apparently healthy pregnant animals. These findings are analysed in detail. Analyses of kidney specimens from the same animals are also recorded. (3) The effects of castration and of pregnancy toxaemia on tissue lipides have been examined and discussed. (4) Original data are given for blood lipides in the sheep, along with a survey of the effects of pregnancy and of fasting on the various fractions. (5) The operation of partial hepatectomy has been successfully adapted for use in ruminants and applied to a study of the effect of fasting on liver fat

Social class, the symbolic environment, and the relationship between parental behaviour, self-conception and psychopathology in adolescent boys

This thesis describes an attempt to develop and test a model of the relationship between the social environment and mental disorder. Despite a voluminous literature, and a research tradition which extends back over thirty-five years, understanding of the part played by the social environment in the aetiology of mental disorder remains relatively obscure. This is so even in the case of analyses of the relationship between social class and mental disorder, where the research evidence is perhaps more consistent than in any other part of the field.On the basis of a review of the existing literature, it is argued that an effective sociological model of the causation of mental disorder should satisfy three basic criteria. Psychiatrically, it should explain why "abnormal" behaviour occurs. From a sociological point of view, it will obviously require to relate this to the social experience of the individual. Methodologically, it should be capable of reduction to a set of complementary propositions, from which a series of testable hypotheses may be logically derived.Using Popper's terms, a distinction is made between "essentialist" and "nominalist" models of social structure. Consideration of the research- literature indicates that studies which invoke an essentialist model of social structure are unlikely to satisfy these criteria, because they fail to create an effective link between the individual and his social environment, and so do not permit direct testing of the processes presumed to be influential in the causation of psychiatric breakdown. Conversely, studies based on a nominalist perspective have produced hypotheses which, while more testable, have tended also to be sociologically rather trivial as accounts of the genesis of mental disorder. This indicates the need for a perspective which uses the individual as its focus of analysis, but which also makes meaningful links between the individual and his social environment.It is argued that symbolic interactionism provides such a perspective. An analysis of symbolic interactionist theory suggests that sociological research in psychiatry may usefully be organised around the concepts of the self and the symbolic environment. It is further suggested that these may be applied to research at a "situational" and an "aetiological" level. The present study is an attempt to establish the utility of these concepts for research in this area, with particular reference to the relationship bei een social class and mental illness, through an investigation of the latter type.On the basis of these two concepts, a set of three basic assumptions were formulated, concerning the relationship between parental behaviour, self -conception and psychopathology. From these three assumptions, and in the further light of a review of extant literature, ten hypotheses were constructed for testing in the present investigation. In essence, these predict that there will be social -class differences in the way the variables of psychopathology, self -perception and parental behaviour are related to each other, and that these will be attributable to differences in the assumptions which underlie interactions within the family in different class groups.These hypotheses were tested in a prevalence study involving 392 adolescent boys, using questionnaire measures of psychopathology, self -perceptions and perceptions of parents - the sample being stratified by social class.The results give some support to the main hypotheses of the research. In particular, it was discovered that the self-concept is an essential intervening variable in the relationship between parental behaviour and psychopathology. Moreover, it was discovered that the only social -class group in which parental behaviour per se is related to the existence of psychopathology in the child is social class 3, where the relationship is significantly greater than that found in classes 1 and 2 or classes 4 and 5. In the latter group, the findings tend to suggest that insofar as parental behaviour is related to psychopathology, anxiety is related to a perception of father as more relaxed, independent and strong than mother, which pattern is significantly different from that found in classes 1 and 2, where neuroticism correlates with a perception of mother as more strict, cold, sure of self, strong and independent than father. The indications are also that the relationship between self-conception and psychopathology is stronger in these middle-class than in the working-class groups, with a particularly strong relationship between psychopathology and the discrepancy between how boys see themselves, and what they think their parents would like them to be like.For reasons which are specified in the text, it was however decided that the concept of the symbolic environment is not in itself adequate to account for these findings. A revised explanation is presented, based on the notion of parental behaviours and adolescent personality-characteristics which are "functional" within particular types of (class-determined) environment, The findings are analysed in the light of this revised explanation. Suggestions are also made concerning methodological improvements which might be effected in similar studies in the future

Effectiveness Of Primary And Booster Covid-19 Mrna Vaccination Against Infection Caused By The Sars-Cov-2 Omicron Variant In People With A Prior Sars-Cov-2 Infection

Objective: To estimate the effectiveness of a primary (two-dose) and booster (third dose) vaccination against Omicron infection among previously infected people.Methods: We designed a test-negative case-control study among vaccine eligible people who received SARS-CoV-2 RT-PCR testing between November 1, 2021, and January 31, 2022 from the Yale New Haven Health System facilities serving southern Connecticut communities. Our primary exposure was COVID-19 mRNA primary and booster vaccination. We conducted two analyses, each with an outcome of Omicron BA.1 variant infection (S-gene target failure defined) and each stratified by prior SARS-CoV-2 infection status. We estimated the effectiveness of primary vaccination on the period before and during booster eligibility (14-149 and ≥150 days, respectively, after 2nd dose) and of booster vaccination (≥14 days after booster dose). To test whether booster vaccination reduced the risk of infection beyond that of the primary series, we compared the odds among boosted and booster eligible people. Results: Overall, 10,676 cases and 119,397 controls were included (median age: 39 and 35 years, respectively). Among cases and controls, 6.1% and 7.8% had a prior infection. The effectiveness of primary vaccination 14-149 days after 2nd dose was 36.1% (95% CI, 7.1-56.1%) and 28.5% (95% CI, 20.0-36.2%) for people with and without prior infection, respectively. The effectiveness of booster vaccination was 45.8% (95% CI, 20.0-63.2%) and 56.9% (95% CI, 52.1-61.2%) on people with and without prior infection, respectively. The odds ratio comparing boosted and booster eligible people with prior infection was 0.83 (95% CI, 0.56-1.23), whereas the odds ratio comparing boosted and booster eligible people without prior infection was 0.51 (95% CI, 0.46-0.56). Conclusions: Primary vaccination provided significant but limited protection against Omicron BA.1 infection among people with and without prior infection. While booster vaccination was associated with additional protection in people without prior infection, it was not associated with significant additional protection among people with prior infection. These findings support primary vaccination in people regardless of prior infection status but suggest that infection history should be considered when evaluating the need for booster vaccination

Examination of the evolution of multi-percussion

The twentieth century belonged to percussion. In previous centuries, percussion performed a supporting function with its primary role being to accentuate chordal changes and reinforce the beat. By the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries orchestras expanded in size and instrumentation with percussion taking on a more prominent role, particularly in the works of composers such as Debussy, Stravinsky, and Mahler. It was at this moment in time that percussion assumed a new and unique role to express changes in colour and timbre, alongside its rhythmic function. The percussion repertoire of the twentieth century reflected the Zeitgeist, and composers exploited the creative potential of this sonic and textural pallete. This led to the development of various settings of multi-percussion; orchestral, chamber, percussion ensembles, and solo multi-percussion works. This thesis will examine this development throughout the twentieth century focusing on, and clearly defining, the impetus of each setting of multi-percussion composition. It questions the assumption that L’histoire du soldat was the flashpoint in the development of multi-percussion and finds that there were a myriad of factors that contributed to the rapid expansion of the art form

An urban school for District Six

Why an urban school for District Six? The inspiration for this thesis was stimulated by various factors, the roots of which stem from the first term of 1965, when I was involved in a Redevelopment Scheme for District Six. As a student of Architecture, this exercise had a profound affect on me. It introduced to me vital considerations concerning Architecture of which, up until that time, I had only been superficially aware. It was necessary to study the anatomy of the city, to understand its complexity, before attempting to perform such a sensitive operation as a Redevelopment Scheme. To be one of a thousand designers in "a city of a thousand designers", it is just as necessary to be equipped with this understanding when involved with the design of an individual structure. This valuable exercise produced results of sufficient substance and merit to warrant it being carried a step further. The object of this thesis is to develop a school which will take its place in the proposed Redevelopment Scheme. The role of a school is an urban area such as District Six can be vitally important in cultivating a community within a slum and at the same time transforming it into a new world. A virtue must be made of increasing populations. Outdated suburban standards must be discarded - they have no place in a city. A new set of standards must be created to satisfy the needs of a rapidly expanding Twentieth Century urban environment. This is the challenge I have set myself

Hierarchical architecture design and simulation environment

The Hierarchical Architectural design and Simulation Environment (HASE)is intended as a flexible tool for computer architects who wish to experiment with alternative architectural configurations and design parameters. HASE is both a design environment and a simulator. Architecture components are described by a hierarchical library of objects defined in terms of an object oriented simulation language. HASE instantiates these objects to simulate and animate the execution of a computer architecture. An event trace generated by the simulator therefore describes the interaction between architecture components, for example, fetch stages, address and data buses, sequencers, instruction buffers and register files. The objects can model physical components at different abstraction levels, eg. PMS (processor memory switch), ISP (instruction set processor) and RTL (register transfer level). HASE applies the concepts of inheritance, encapsulation and polymorphism associated with object orientation, to simplify the design and implementation of an architecture simulation that models component operations at different abstraction levels. For example, HASE can probe the performance of a processor's floating point unit, executing a multiplication operation, at a lower level of abstraction, i.e. the RTL, whilst simulating remaining architecture components at a PMS level of abstraction. By adopting this approach, HASE returns a more meaningful and relevant event trace from an architecture simulation. Furthermore, an animator visualises the simulation's event trace to clarify the collaborations and interactions between architecture components. The prototype version of HASE is based on GSS (Graphical Support System), and DEMOS (Discrete Event Modelling On Simula)

The Significance of Florida\u27s History

This address was delivered by Dr. Robertson before the Society at its recent annual meeting