RELIGIOSITY AND COPING SELF-EFFICACY AS PREDICTORS OF ATTITUDE TOWARDS DIVORCE AMONG MARRIED COUPLES IN IBADAN, NIGERIA

Divorce has a pervasive effect on married people's lives as it affects them physically, psychologically and spiritually. Studies have shown that divorce rates remain intractable in our modern society. This study, therefore, investigated how religiosity and coping self-efficacy affect attitudes towards divorce among married couples in Ibadan, Nigeria.  An ex-post facto research design using a cross-sectional survey was adopted. A purposive sampling technique was used to select six communities in Ibadan North Local Government in Oyo State. Data was collected using a-structured questionnaire comprising demographic variables, religiosity (α=0.96), coping self-efficacy (α =0.98) and attitude towards divorce (α =0.70). Data were analyzed using a t-test for independent mean and multiple regressions at a p<0.05 level of significance. The results showed that coping self-efficacy significantly influenced attitude toward divorce t(293) =-5.6, p< 0.05). Also, religiosity and coping self-efficacy jointly predicted attitude towards divorce [R2 =0.12, F (2, 293) = 20.24, p < 0.05]. Furthermore, coping self-efficacy independently predicted attitude toward divorce (β= - 0.36, p < 0.05). However, religiosity did not significantly predict attitude towards divorce (β=0.04, p > 0.05). The study recommends that marriage councillors and clergymen should be actively involved in developing coping self-efficacy among potential couples and dissuades them from a negative attitude toward divorce

RELIGIOSITY AND COPING SELF-EFFICACY AS PREDICTORS OF ATTITUDE TOWARDS DIVORCE AMONG MARRIED COUPLES IN IBADAN, NIGERIA

Divorce has a pervasive effect on married people's lives as it affects them physically, psychologically and spiritually. Studies have shown that divorce rates remain intractable in our modern society. This study, therefore, investigated how religiosity and coping self-efficacy affect attitudes towards divorce among married couples in Ibadan, Nigeria.  An ex-post facto research design using a cross-sectional survey was adopted. A purposive sampling technique was used to select six communities in Ibadan North Local Government in Oyo State. Data was collected using a-structured questionnaire comprising demographic variables, religiosity (α=0.96), coping self-efficacy (α =0.98) and attitude towards divorce (α =0.70). Data were analyzed using a t-test for independent mean and multiple regressions at a p<0.05 level of significance. The results showed that coping self-efficacy significantly influenced attitude toward divorce t(293) =-5.6, p< 0.05). Also, religiosity and coping self-efficacy jointly predicted attitude towards divorce [R2 =0.12, F (2, 293) = 20.24, p < 0.05]. Furthermore, coping self-efficacy independently predicted attitude toward divorce (β= - 0.36, p < 0.05). However, religiosity did not significantly predict attitude towards divorce (β=0.04, p > 0.05). The study recommends that marriage councillors and clergymen should be actively involved in developing coping self-efficacy among potential couples and dissuades them from a negative attitude toward divorce

Manoeuvre planning architecture for the optimisation of spacecraft formation flying reconfiguration manoeuvres

Formation flying of multiple spacecraft collaborating toward the same goal is fast becoming a reality for space mission designers. Often the missions require the spacecraft to perform translational manoeuvres relative to each other to achieve some mission objective. These manoeuvres need to be planned to ensure the safety of the spacecraft in the formation and to optimise fuel management throughout the fleet. In addition to these requirements is it desirable for this manoeuvre planning to occur autonomously within the fleet to reduce operations cost and provide greater planning flexibility for the mission. One such mission that would benefit from this type of manoeuvre planning is the European Space Agency’s DARWIN mission, designed to search for extra-solar Earth-like planets using separated spacecraft interferometry. This thesis presents a Manoeuvre Planning Architecture for the DARWIN mission. The design of the Architecture involves identifying and conceptualising all factors affecting the execution of formation flying manoeuvres at the Sun/Earth libration point L2. A systematic trade-off analysis of these factors is performed and results in a modularised Manoeuvre Planning Architecture for the optimisation of formation flying reconfiguration manoeuvres. The Architecture provides a means for DARWIN to autonomously plan manoeuvres during the reconfiguration mode of the mission. The Architecture consists of a Science Operations Module, a Position Assignment Module, a Trajectory Design Module and a Station-keeping Module that represents a multiple multi-variable optimisation approach to the formation flying manoeuvre planning problem. The manoeuvres are planned to incorporate target selection for maximum science returns, collision avoidance, thruster plume avoidance, manoeuvre duration minimisation and manoeuvre fuel management (including fuel consumption minimisation and formation fuel balancing). With many customisable variables the Architecture can be tuned to give the best performance throughout the mission duration. The implementation of the Architecture highlights the importance of planning formation flying reconfiguration manoeuvres. When compared with a benchmark manoeuvre planning strategy the Architecture demonstrates a performance increase of 27% for manoeuvre scheduling and fuel savings of 40% over a fifty target observation tour. The Architecture designed in this thesis contributes to the field of spacecraft formation flying analysis on various levels. First, the manoeuvre planning is designed at the mission level with considerations for mission operations and station-keeping included in the design. Secondly, the requirements analysis and implementation of Science Operation Module represent a unique insight into the complexity of observation scheduling for exo-planet analysis missions and presents a robust method for autonomously optimising that scheduling. Thirdly, in-depth analyses are performed on DARWIN-based modifications of existing manoeuvre optimisation strategies identifying their strengths and weaknesses and ways to improve them. Finally, though not implemented in this thesis, the design of a Station-keeping Module is provided to add station-keeping optimisation functionality to the Architecture.EThOS - Electronic Theses Online ServiceGBUnited Kingdo

Minimally invasive insertion of reference electrodes into commercial lithium-ion pouch cells

The authors gratefully acknowledge the financial support of EPSRC UK and Jaguar Land Rover Ltd for this work.Two procedures to introduce a lithium metal reference electrode into commercially manufactured lithium-ion pouch cells (Kokam SLPB 533459H4) are described and compared. By introducing a stable reference potential, the individual behavior of the positive and negative electrodes can be studied in operando under normal cycling. Unmodified cells and half-cells made from harvested electrode material were cycled under identical conditions to the modified cells to compare capacity degradation during cycling and thus validate each modification procedure for degradation testing. A configuration that did not affect the performance of the cell over 20 cycles was successfully developed.Publisher PDFPeer reviewe

Computational modelling of aerodynamic disturbances on spacecraft within a concurrent engineering framework

This research was motivated by the need to perform an accurate aerodynamic analysis of the drag deorbit device concept under development within the Space Research Centre, Cranfield University. Its purpose is to deorbit satellites from low Earth orbit at the end of the useful lives, in order to help reduce the growing problem of space debris. It has been found that existing spacecraft aerodynamic analysis tools do not adequately support concurrent engineering. Furthermore, use of concurrent engineering in the space industry is currently limited to Phase A (preliminary design studies). To remedy this, the Spacecraft Engineering, Design, and Analysis Tools (SEDAT) Concept has been proposed. Inspired by the approach employed by enterprise applications, it proposes that all the computer tools used on a spacecraft project should be incorporated into one system as separate modules, presented via a single client, and connected to a centralised Relational Database Management System. To demonstrate the concept and assess its potential a SEDAT System and accompanying Free Molecular Flow (FMF) spacecraft aerodynamic analysis module have been developed. The FMF Module is explicitly designed to facilitate concurrent engineering and make use of the maximum variety of Gas-Surface Interaction Models (GSIMs) and their associated data. It also incorporates a new Hybrid method of FMF analysis that combines the Ray-Tracing Panel (RTP) and Test-Particle Monte Carlo (TPMC) methods, enabling it to analyse complex geometries that are subject to surface shielding and multiple molecular reflections. Studies have been performed using a Hybrid version of the Schaaf and Chambre GSIM. One of these studies analysed a drag deorbit device design using a range of accommodation coefficients, including the latest empirically based incidence-dependent coefficients. Based on this analysis, recommendations have been made regarding the material selection and structural design of the device.EThOS - Electronic Theses Online ServiceGBUnited Kingdo

A scoping review of female drowning: an underexplored issue in five high-income countries

Background: Drowning is a significant public health issue, with females accounting for one third of global drowning deaths. The rate of female drowning has not decreased within high-income countries and presentations to hospital have increased. This scoping review aimed to explore adult female unintentional drowning, including risk factors, clinical treatment and outcomes of females hospitalised for drowning. Methods: A systematic search of the literature following the PRISMA-ScR framework was undertaken. The databases OVID MEDLINE, Embase, CINAHL, OVID Emcare, Web of Science, Informit and Scopus were accessed. Study locations of focus were Australia, Canada, New Zealand, the United Kingdom, and the United States. Studies from January 2003 to April 2019 were included. The quality of evidence of included studies was assessed using GRADE guidelines. Results: The final search results included 14 studies from Australia (n = 4), Canada (n = 1), New Zealand (n = 1), United States (n = 6), United Kingdom (n = 1), and one study reporting data from both Australia and United States. Nine studies reported risk factors for female drowning including age, with the proportion of female drowning incidence increasing with age. Although females are now engaging in risk-taking behaviours associated with drowning that are similar to males, such as consuming alcohol and swimming in unsafe locations, their exposure to risky situations and ways they assess risk, differ. Females are more likely to drown from accidental entry into water, such as in a vehicle during a flood or fall into water. This review found no evidence on the clinical treatment provided to females in hospital after a drowning incident, and only a small number of studies reported the clinical outcomes of females, with inconsistent results (some studies reported better and some no difference in clinical outcomes among females). Conclusion: Adult females are a group vulnerable to drowning, that have lacked attention. There was no single study found which focused solely on female drowning. There is a need for further research to explore female risk factors, the clinical treatment and outcomes of females hospitalised for drowning. This will not only save the lives of females, but also contribute to an overall reduction in drowning

Cervical spine injuries occurring at the beach: epidemiology, mechanism of injury and risk factors

Objective: Surf zone injuries include cervical spine injuries (CSI). Risk factors for CSI have not been extensively investigated. The objective was to examine risk factors associated with diagnosed CSI that occurred in a beach setting. Methods: This retrospective case series used manually linked data from Sunshine Coast Hospital and Health Service Emergency Departments, Queensland Ambulance Service, Surf Life Saving Queensland (SLSQ), and Bureau of Meteorology data from 01/01/2015-21/04/2021. Variables included victim demographics, mechanism of injury, scene information, and patient course. Results: Seventy-nine of the 574 (13.8%) confirmed CSI occurred at the beach. Local residents and visitors were injured equally. Females represented a minority (12.7%) of those diagnosed with CSI but were a higher proportion of suspected spinal incidents reported to SLSQ (45%). Surfers were more likely to be injured through shallow water diving than swimmers (27.6% vs 2.2%). Females were more likely to be injured by shallow water diving than males (30.0% vs 8.7%). Visitors were more likely to be injured swimming and local residents surfing (68.2% vs 77.8% respectively). CSI occurred most commonly (40.0%) with a below average ocean wave height (0.75-1.25 m) and were most likely (45.3%) to occur in the second half of the outgoing tide. One beach had a statistically significant greater incidence of spinal incidents (OR 3.9, 95% CI: 2.1-7.2) and of CSI (OR 10.7, 95% CI: 1.5-79.5). Conclusions: Risk factors for CSI at the beach include male sex, smaller wave height and an outgoing tide. Shallow water diving among surfers and females should be addressed urgently

Verifying the Kugo-Ojima Confinement Criterion in Landau Gauge Yang-Mills Theory

Expanding the Landau gauge gluon and ghost two-point functions in a power series we investigate their infrared behavior. The corresponding powers are constrained through the ghost Dyson-Schwinger equation by exploiting multiplicative renormalizability. Without recourse to any specific truncation we demonstrate that the infrared powers of the gluon and ghost propagators are uniquely related to each other. Constraints for these powers are derived, and the resulting infrared enhancement of the ghost propagator signals that the Kugo-Ojima confinement criterion is fulfilled in Landau gauge Yang-Mills theory.Comment: 4 pages, no figures; version to be published in Physical Review Letter