6 research outputs found
Not Doomed to Death: A Map of Small Firms' Business Models in the Italian Textile Apparel Industry
Arnaldo Camuffo
International Motor Vehicle Program
Cambridge, MA 02139
and
Bocconi University
Milan 20136, Italy
[email protected]
And
Roberto Pozzana
University of Padua Padova 35123, Italy
[email protected]
And
Andrea Vinelli
University of Padua
Padova 35123, Italy
[email protected]
And
Laura Benedetti
SocietĂ per gli Studi di Settore
Rome 00143, Italy
[email protected]
Not Doomed to Death: A Map of Small Firms' Business Models in the Italian Textile Apparel Industry
Experimental Activity on a 4-Stroke SI Engine Fuelled with Ammonia and Hydrogen
Storing hydrogen is one of the major problems concerning its utilization on board vehicles. A promising solution is storing
hydrogen in the form of ammonia that is liquid at roughly 9 bar at environmental temperature and therefore involves relatively small
volumes and requires light and low-cost tanks. Moreover, liquid ammonia contains 1.7 times by volume as much hydrogen as liquid
hydrogen itself.
It is well known that ammonia can be burned directly in I.C. engines, however a combustion promoter is necessary to support
combustion especially in the case of high-speed S.I. engines. As a matter of fact, the best (and carbon-free!) promoter is hydrogen,
which has very high combustion velocity and wide flammability range, whereas ammonia combustion is characterised by low flame
speed, low flame temperature, narrow flammability range (combustion is impossible if mixture is just slightly lean), high ignition
energy and high self-ignition temperature.
The experimental activity shown in the paper was aimed at determining proper air-ammonia-hydrogen mixture compositions for
the actual operating conditions of a twin-cylinder 505 cm3
S.I. engine. Hydrogen and ammonia are separately injected in the gaseous
phase. The experimental results confirm that it is necessary to add hydrogen to air-ammonia mixture to improve ignition and to speed
up combustion, with ratios that depend mainly on load and less on engine speed.
This activity is correlated with a larger-scale project, founded by Tuscany Region, in which a partnership of research and industry
entities has developed a fully-working plug-in hybrid electric vehicle equipped with a range-extending 15 kW IC engine fuelled with
hydrogen and ammonia. Hydrogen is obtained from ammonia by means of on-board catalytic reforming