Immigration, Labor Market Mobility, and the Earnings of Native-born Workers: An Occupational Segmentation Approach

This paper seeks to improve on previous estimates of the impact of immigration on native wages by using an occupational segmentation approach that directly controls for regional migration and other shifts in native-born labor supply. The labor market is segmented by occupation in order to determine which, if any, native workers tend to be vulnerable to increased immigrant competition for jobs. The results suggest that nativeborn workers in the primary sector are the main beneficiaries of increased immigration, while native-born Hispanic females in the secondary sector are the most susceptible to downward wage pressures.

The Impact of Minimum Wages on Job Training: An Empirical Exploration with Establishment Data

Using data from the National Employer Survey (NES), this study examines the relationship between wages and on-the-job training. Traditional theory argues that workers may finance onthe- job human capital accumulation through lower wages. A binding minimum wage may, therefore, reduce workplace training if it prevents low-wage workers from offering wage cuts to help finance training. Empirical findings in this area have failed to reach a consensus on the training effects of minimum wages. However, previous research has relied primarily on survey data from individual workers, which typically possess poor measures of job training and little information about the characteristics of firms. Unlike previous research, this study addresses the issue of minimum wages and on-the-job training with a unique employer survey. We find strong evidence to suggest that minimum wages are associated with a reduction in the percentage of an establishment’s workforce receiving training, but only weak evidence indicating that minimum wages reduce the average number of hours establishments devote to training activities.

Immigrant Earnings Patterns In High Immigration States

This paper examines and measures the extent of wage convergence of immigrants to native-born workers.  The focus is on a dimension of immigrant labor market assimilation that has been largely overlooked in this literature; particularly, how differences in local labor market wage-setting mechanisms affect the process of wage convergence.  Recently, some have argued that immigrants arriving after the 1970s will possess inferior assimilation abilities relative to previous immigrant cohorts because they lack essential skills.  This paper shows that wage convergence varies significantly between high-immigration states and that the wage-setting structure can be a significant factor in the assimilation process.  The results also indicate that recent immigrants begin their process of assimilation from a position that is similar to previous immigrants and that if their human capital accumulation rates mirror those of previous cohorts, successful wage convergence will rest on the development of an equitable pay structure

The Impact of Immigration on the Labor Market for Native-Born Workers: Incorporating the Dynamics of Internal Migration

This paper estimates the impact of male immigration on wages and employment of native-born male workers. The papers contribution to the existing literature is the introduction of explicit controls for native net internal migration. The results suggest that migration controls are significant and must be included in any cross-sectional regional analysis that attempts to obtain unbiased estimates of the impact of immigration on native labor market outcomes. Although the effects of immigration on native wages and employment continue, in most cases, to be small and/or insignificant, in many instances the net migration control is found to be responsible for changing the significance and/or sign (from positive to negative) of the relationship.Immigration; Migration; Regional

KIAA1840 mutations cause ARCMT2

Charcot–Marie–Tooth disease is a group of hereditary peripheral neuropathies that share clinical characteristics of progressive distal muscle weakness and atrophy, foot deformities, distal sensory loss, as well as diminished tendon reflexes. Hundreds of causative DNA changes have been found, but much of the genetic basis of the disease is still unexplained. Mutations in the ALS5/SPG11/ KIAA1840 gene are a frequent cause of autosomal recessive hereditary spastic paraplegia with thin corpus callosum and peripheral axonal neuropathy, and account for ∼40% of autosomal recessive juvenile amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. The overlap of axonal Charcot–Marie–Tooth disease with both diseases, as well as the common autosomal recessive inheritance pattern of thin corpus callosum and axonal Charcot–Marie–Tooth disease in three related patients, prompted us to analyse the ALS5/SPG11/ KIAA1840 gene in affected individuals with autosomal recessive axonal Charcot–Marie–Tooth disease. We investigated 28 unrelated families with autosomal recessive axonal Charcot–Marie–Tooth disease defined by clinical, electrophysiological, as well as pathological evaluation. Besides, we screened for all the known genes related to axonal autosomal recessive Charcot–Marie-Tooth disease (CMT2A2/HMSN2A2/ MFN2 , CMT2B1/ LMNA , CMT2B2/ MED25 , CMT2B5/ NEFL , ARCMT2F/dHMN2B/ HSPB1 , CMT2K/ GDAP1 , CMT2P/ LRSAM1 , CMT2R/ TRIM2 , CMT2S/ IGHMBP2 , CMT2T/ HSJ1 , CMTRID/ COX6A1 , ARAN-NM/ HINT and GAN/ GAN ), for the genes related to autosomal recessive hereditary spastic paraplegia with thin corpus callosum and axonal peripheral neuropathy (SPG7/ PGN , SPG15/ ZFYVE26, SPG21/ ACP33 , SPG35/ FA2H , SPG46/ GBA2 , SPG55/ C12orf65 and SPG56/ CYP2U1 ), as well as for the causative gene of peripheral neuropathy with or without agenesis of the corpus callosum ( SLC12A6 ) . Mitochondrial disorders related to Charcot–Marie–Tooth disease type 2 were also excluded by sequencing POLG and TYMP genes. An additional locus for autosomal recessive Charcot–Marie–Tooth disease type 2H on chromosome 8q13-21.1 was excluded by linkage analysis. Pedigrees originated in Italy, Brazil, Canada, England, Iran, and Japan. Interestingly, we identified 15 ALS5/SPG11/ KIAA1840 mutations in 12 families (two sequence variants were never reported before, p.Gln198* and p.Pro2212fs*5). No large deletions/duplications were detected in these patients. The novel mutations seemed to be pathogenic since they co-segregated with the disease in all pedigrees and were absent in 300 unrelated controls. Furthermore, in silico analysis predicted their pathogenic effect. Our results indicate that ALS5/SPG11/ KIAA1840 is the causative gene of a wide spectrum of clinical features, including autosomal recessive axonal Charcot–Marie–Tooth disease

Medicina interna, paziente complesso, evidence based medicine e le non evidenze

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Firm Size-Wage Premiums: Using Employer Data to Unravel the Mystery

Research on establishment size-wage effects has consistently shown a positive relationship between the number of employees and workers' wages. While several theories have been offered to explain these outcomes, the use of data with limited employer characteristics make for a dubious connection between theory and results. This study examines the firm size-wage effect using a dataset that captures typical worker demographics, but also contains employer information not typically captured in larger datasets. The results provide strong evidence that these wage effects are the result of several forces, including worker sorting/matching, efficiency wages, internal labor markets, and, to a lesser degree, working conditions.firm size-wage effects, sorting, capital-labor complementarity, rent sharing, efficiency wages,

The Impact of Minimum Wages on Job Training: An Empirical Exploration with Establishment Data

Human capital theory suggests that workers may finance on-the-job training by accepting lower wages during the training period. Minimum wage laws could reduce job training, then, to the extent they prevent low-wage workers from offering sufficient wage cuts to finance training. Empirical findings on the relationship between minimum wages and job training have failed to reach a consensus. Previous research has relied primarily on survey data from individual workers, which typically lack both detailed measures of job training and important information about the characteristics of firms. This study addresses the issue of minimum wages and on-the-job training with a unique employer survey. We find no evidence indicating that minimum wages reduce the average hours of training of trained employees, and little to suggest that minimum wages reduce the percentage of workers receiving training.CES,economic,research,micro,data,microdata,chief,economist