Dietary energy density and associated factors: how is the population of Sao Paulo doing?

OBJETIVO: Avaliar a densidade energética da dieta de adultos do município de São Paulo e fatores associados. SUJEITOS E MÉTODOS: Participantes do estudo ISA-Capital, com amostragem probabilística (n = 710 adultos). O consumo alimentar foi avaliado pelo R24h. As correlações foram investigadas pelo coeficiente de correlação de Pearson. As associações com dados demográficos, socioeconômicos e de estilo de vida foram investigadas por modelos de regressão multivariados. RESULTADOS: A densidade energética média foi 1,98 kcal/g (IC95% [1,94; 2,01]) e correlacionou-se positivamente com a ingestão de energia, gordura, carboidrato, colesterol, gordura saturada, sacarose, gordura trans e açúcar adicionado e negativamente com fibras. Apenas idade e hábito de fumar apresentaram associação com a densidade energética. CONCLUSÕES: Os valores elevados da densidade energética da dieta e a relação demonstrada com outros constituintes nutricionais denotam má qualidade da dieta nessa população, o que pode estar contribuindo para crescentes taxas de excesso de peso. Arq Bras Endocrinol Metab. 2012;56(9):638-45Objective: To evaluate dietary energy density in adults living in Sao Paulo and associated factors. Subjects and methods: Subjects were participants of ISA-Capital study, which was carried out with probabilistic sampling (n = 710 adults). Food consumption was assessed by R24h. Correlations with dietary constituents were evaluated using Pearson's correlation coefficient. Associations with demographic, socioeconomic and lifestyle data were investigated by multivariate regression models. Results: The average energy density was 1.98 kcal/g (95% CI [ 1.94, 2.01]). It was positively correlated with energy, fat, carbohydrate, cholesterol, saturated fat, sucrose, trans fat and added sugar intake; and negatively correlated with fiber intake. Only age and smoking were associated with energy density. Conclusions: High values of energy density and the relationship determined with other nutritional constituents denote the poor quality of the diet in this population, which may be contributing to the rising rates of overweight. Arq Bras Endocrinol Metab. 2012; 56(9):638-4

Energy density: association with demographic, lifestyle, nutritional and socioeconomic variables in a representative sample of adult population in the city of São Paulo.

Introdução - A densidade energética (DE), definida como a quantidade de energia por unidade de peso, é um importante fator na ingestão de alimentos e no valor calórico total da alimentação. Dessa forma, é uma característica da dieta que pode estar envolvida na qualidade da alimentação e no controle de peso. Objetivo - Analisar a relação entre a DE da dieta com variáveis demográficas, de estilo de vida, nutricionais e socioeconômicas em amostra representativa da população adulta do Município de São Paulo. Métodos - Foram utilizados dados secundários do projeto em Políticas Públicas, intitulado \"Inquérito de Saúde no Município de São Paulo - ISA-Capital\". Trata-se de um estudo transversal, de base populacional. O grupo de estudo foi composto por adultos, de ambos os sexos (N=710). O consumo alimentar foi medido através do método Recordatório de 24 horas. O consumo relatado foi transformado em energia e nutrientes com a utilização do software Nutrition Data System (NDS). A DE da dieta foi estimada através de três métodos: 1- inclusão de todos os alimentos e bebidas; 2- inclusão de todos os alimentos e bebidas calóricas que contenham, no mínimo, 5 Kcal/100g; 3- inclusão de todos os alimentos e exclusão de todas as bebidas. Para avaliar as relações entre a densidade energética da dieta e as variáveis demográficas, de estilo de vida, e socioeconômicas de interesse, foi utilizada a análise de regressão linear múltipla. Resultados: A população estudada foi composta por 56,7% de mulheres, 61,1% da etnia branca e 60,1% com situação conjugal unida/casada. A idade mínima foi de 20 anos e a idade máxima de 59 anos, com média de 36,2 anos. Os valores médios encontrados para a DE1, DE2 e DE3 foram 1,32 kcal/g (EP=0,01), 1,35 kcal/g (EP=0,01) e 1,95 kcal/g (EP=0,02), respectivamente. No modelo múltiplo, a escolaridade do indivíduo e a situação de trabalho \"em atividade\" associaram-se inversamente, ajustado por etnia para DE1 e DE2. Para DE3, foi verificada associação direta para etnia \"outras\" e inversa para hábito de fumar \"ex-fumante\". Conclusões: As médias de densidade energética encontradas no estudo mostraram-se superiores aos poucos estudos populacionais Resumo disponíveis. Os resultados apontados pelos diferentes métodos de cálculo da densidade energética sugerem que a contribuição dos líquidos não pode ser subestimada.Introduction: Energy density (ED), defined as the amount of energy per unit weight, is a major factor related to food intake and total dietary energy. It is a dietary component that may be involved with diet quality and weight control. Objective: To assess the association between dietary ED and demographic, lifestyle, nutritional and socioeconomic variables in a representative sample of adult population in the city of São Paulo. Methods: A population-based, cross-sectional study was conducted based on secondary data from the Public Policies project, \"Health Survey in the City of São Paulo - ISA-Capital\". The study sample comprised both male and female adults (N=710). Food intake was measured using a 24-hour food recall. The reported intake was converted into energy and nutrients by the Nutrition Data System (NDS) program. Dietary ED was estimated through three different approaches: 1- inclusion of all foods and beverages; 2- inclusion of all energetic foods and beverages with a calorie content of at least 5 kcal/100 g; 3- inclusion of all foods and exclusion of all beverages. A multiple linear regression analysis was carried out to assess the associations between dietary ED and the study variables. Results: In the sample studied, 56.7% were women, 61.1% were White and 60.1% were either married or living with a partner. Mean age was 36.2 years, ranging between 20 and 59 years. Mean ED1, ED2 and ED3 were 1.32 kcal/g (SE=0.01), 1.35 kcal/g (SE=0.01) and 1.95 kcal/g (SE=0.02), respectively. In the multiple regression analysis, schooling and \"active\" working status were inversely associated, after adjusting for ethnicity, with ED1 and ED2. For ED3, there was found a direct association with \"other\" ethnicity and an inverse association with \"former smoking\". Conclusions: Mean energy densities found in the study were higher than those reported in few other population-based studies available. The results obtained through the different approaches for ED estimation indicate that the contribution of liquids should not be underestimated

Lipid profile of nutrition students and its association with cardiovascular disease risk factors

OBJECTIVE: To describe the lipid profile and to verify its relationship with cardiovascular disease risk factors in students at a public university in São Paulo. METHODS: After obtaining clinical, anthropomorphic, and lipid profile data from 118 students, variables of the lipid profile were related to other risk factors. RESULTS: The mean age of the students was 20.3 years (SD=1.5). The risk of cardiovascular disease was characterized by a positive family history of ischemic heart disease in 38.9%; sedentariness in 35.6%; limiting and increased total and LDL-C cholesterol levels in 17.7% and 10.2%, respectively; decreased HDL-C levels in 11.1%; increased triglyceride levels in 11.1%; body mass index >25 in 8.5%, and smoking in 6.7% of the subjects. Students' diet was found to be inadequate regarding protein, total fat, saturated fat, sodium, and fiber contents. A statistically significant association between cholesterol and contraceptive use, between HDL-C and contraceptive use, age and percent body fat, and triglycerides and percent lean weight was observed. CONCLUSION: A high prevalence of some risk factors of cardiovascular disease as well as the association between these factors with altered lipid profiles was observed in the young population studied