Dynamic compliance (C_dyn) of surfactant-depleted rabbits managed with non-invasive ventilation.

<p>To the left of the dashed line, the baseline and post-surfactant depletion C_dyn values of all the animals featured in the study are given. To the right of the dashed line, the C_dyn values of the different groups after 180 minutes of management with NIV are shown. Surfactant-treated groups are represented by the box-plots with a grey filling, whereas the groups merely treated with NIV are represented by the white box-plots. The small squares within each box-plot indicate the mean of the group. The whiskers indicate the maximum and minimum values observed for each group. ^# <i>P</i> < 0.01 vs. SNIPPV+SF group. NCPAP: nasal continuous positive airway pressure, SF: surfactant, NIPPV: nasal (non-synchronized) intermittent positive pressure ventilation, and SNIPPV: synchronized NIPPV.</p

Histological scores of surfactant-depleted adult rabbits.

<p>Histological scores of surfactant-depleted adult rabbits.</p

Mean PaO₂ values over time of surfactant-depleted rabbits managed with non-invasive ventilation.

<p>Surfactant-depleted adult rabbits were treated with nasal continuous positive pressure ventilation (NCPAP, white diamonds), with NCPAP + intratracheal surfactant (NCPAP+SF, black diamonds), with nasal non-synchronized intermittent positive ventilation (NIPPV, white squares), with NIPPV + intratracheal surfactant (NIPPV+SF, black squares), with Synchronized Intermittent Positive Pressure Ventilation (SNIPPV, white circles), or with SNIPPV + intratracheal surfactant (SNIPPV+SF, black circles). Surfactant-treated animals (black symbols) received a bolus of surfactant before extubation, immediately after the 0 time-point. Values are shown as the mean ± SEM. * <i>P</i> vs. NIPPV+SF group < 0.01; ^# <i>P</i> vs. SNIPPV group < 0.01; ^§ <i>P</i> vs. NCPAP group < 0.01; ^& <i>P</i> vs. NIPPV group < 0.01.</p

The oxygenation index (OI) and the ventilation efficacy index (VEI) of surfactant-depleted rabbits managed with non-invasive ventilation.

<p>To the left of the dashed line, the baseline and post-surfactant depletion OI (A) and VEI (B) values of all the animals featured in the study are given. To the right of the dashed line, the OI and VEI values of the different groups after 180 minutes of management with NIV are shown. Surfactant-treated groups are represented by the box-plots with a grey filling, whereas the groups treated with NIV only are represented by the white box-plots. The small squares within each box-plot indicate the mean of the group. The whiskers indicate the maximum and minimum values observed for each group. * <i>P</i> < 0.01 vs. any group not treated with surfactant; ^# <i>P</i> < 0.01 vs. SNIPPV+SF group. NCPAP: nasal continuous positive airway pressure, SF: surfactant, NIPPV: nasal (non-synchronized) intermittent positive pressure ventilation, and SNIPPV: synchronized NIPPV.</p

Histological microphotographs of surfactant-depleted rabbits managed with non-invasive ventilation.

<p>Histological overview of lung parenchyma presenting representative inflammatory infiltrate, hemorrhage, edema and atelectasis for all groups. SF: surfactant; NCPAP: nasal continuous positive airway pressure (A,B); NIPPV: nasal intermittent positive pressure ventilation (C,D); SNIPPV: synchronized NIPPV (E,F). Haematoxylin & Eosin staining, scale bar 250 μm.</p

Body weight, number of BALs, and baseline as well as post-BALs (respiratory failure) values of PaO₂ and C_dyn in adult rabbits included in the study.

<p>Body weight, number of BALs, and baseline as well as post-BALs (respiratory failure) values of PaO₂ and C_dyn in adult rabbits included in the study.</p