Pearson and partial correlation analysis between age and internal jugular vein cross-sectional area according to cervical location.

<p>Pearson and partial correlation analysis between age and internal jugular vein cross-sectional area according to cervical location.</p

Demographic and cardiovascular risk factors characteristics of healthy individuals.

<p>Demographic and cardiovascular risk factors characteristics of healthy individuals.</p

Internal jugular vein (IJV) cross-sectional area (CSA) vein according to hand side, cervical location and gender displayed by age groups.

<p>CSA is shown in mm². Error bars represent standard error of the mean. P values were calculated with analysis of variance. Legend: LIJV–left internal jugular vein; RIJV–right internal jugular vein.</p

Internal jugular vein (IJV) cross-sectional area (CSA) vein according to age group hand side and gender displayed by cervical location.

<p>CSA is shown in mm2. Error bars represent standard error of the mean. P values were calculated with analysis of variance. Legend: LIJV–left internal jugular vein; RIJV–right internal jugular vein.</p

Humoral Responses to Diverse Autoimmune Disease-Associated Antigens in Multiple Sclerosis

<div><p>To compare frequencies of autoreactive antibody responses to endogenous disease-associated antigens in healthy controls (HC), relapsing and progressive MS and to assess their associations with clinical and MRI measures of MS disease progression.</p><p>Methods</p><p>The study analyzed 969 serum samples from 315 HC, 411 relapsing remitting MS (RR-MS), 128 secondary progressive MS (SP-MS), 33 primary progressive MS (PP-MS) and 82 patients with other neurological diseases for autoantibodies against two putative MS antigens CSF114(Glc) and KIR4.1a and KIR4.1b and against 24 key endogenous antigens linked to diseases such as vasculitis, systemic sclerosis, rheumatoid arthritis, Sjogren’s syndrome, systemic lupus erythematosus, polymyositis, scleroderma, polymyositis, dermatomyositis, mixed connective tissue disease and primary biliary cirrhosis. Associations with disability and MRI measures of lesional injury and neurodegeneration were assessed.</p><p>Results</p><p>The frequencies of anti-KIR4.1a and anti-KIR4.1b peptide IgG positivity were 9.8% and 11.4% in HC compared to 4.9% and 7.5% in RR-MS, 8.6% for both peptides in SP-MS and 6.1% for both peptides in PP-MS (<i>p</i> = 0.13 for KIR4.1a and <i>p</i> = 0.34 for KIR4.1b), respectively. Antibodies against CSF114(Glc), KIR4.1a and KIR4.1b peptides were not associated with MS compared to HC, or with MS disease progression. <i>HLA DRB1</i>*15:01 positivity and anti-Epstein Barr virus antibodies, which are MS risk factors, were not associated with these putative MS antibodies.</p><p>Conclusions</p><p>Antibody responses to KIR4.1a and KIR4.1b peptides are not increased in MS compared to HC nor associated with MS disease progression. The frequencies of the diverse autoreactive antibodies investigated are similar in MS and HC.</p></div

Results of the Pearson partial correlation analysis comparing the cerebrospinal fluid and internal jugular vein cross-sectional area variables, when controlling for age, BMI, hypertension, smoking & cardiovascular disease for the relapsing-remitting MS patients (n = 65).

<p>Results of the Pearson partial correlation analysis comparing the cerebrospinal fluid and internal jugular vein cross-sectional area variables, when controlling for age, BMI, hypertension, smoking & cardiovascular disease for the relapsing-remitting MS patients (n = 65).</p

Frequency of positivity for different antibodies in healthy controls (HC), relapsing-remitting MS (RR-MS, includes CIS) and secondary progressive-MS (SP-MS includes secondary progressive MS, relapsing-remitting/secondary progressive MS), primary progressive MS (PP-MS includes primary relapsing MS) and Other Neurological Diseases (OND).

<p>* Pearson chi-square</p><p>Frequency of positivity for different antibodies in healthy controls (HC), relapsing-remitting MS (RR-MS, includes CIS) and secondary progressive-MS (SP-MS includes secondary progressive MS, relapsing-remitting/secondary progressive MS), primary progressive MS (PP-MS includes primary relapsing MS) and Other Neurological Diseases (OND).</p

Demographic, clinical, MRI characteristics and current disease-modifying therapies.

<p>* All continuous variables (age, disease duration, T2-LV, T1-LV) are mean ± standard deviation. For the ordinal EDSS, the median (inter-quartile range) are given.</p><p>^§ The remainder received other treatments.</p><p>Demographic, clinical, MRI characteristics and current disease-modifying therapies.</p

Cross sectional areas (CSAs) of respective left and right internal jugular veins (IJVs) in the MS patients and healthy subjects.

<p>(Error bars represent one standard error of the mean.)</p

Results of the partial least squares correlation analysis comparing the cerebrospinal fluid variables with internal jugular vein cross-sectional areas for the lower neck (C5-T1) and upper neck (C2-C4), in both the MS patients and the healthy controls (based on 100000 simulations).

<p>Results of the partial least squares correlation analysis comparing the cerebrospinal fluid variables with internal jugular vein cross-sectional areas for the lower neck (C5-T1) and upper neck (C2-C4), in both the MS patients and the healthy controls (based on 100000 simulations).</p