A Longitudinal Examination of the Relation of Profiles of Children Based on Overt, Relational, and Cyber Aggression, to Assessments of Peer Liking and Popularity

A Longitudinal Examination of the Relation of Profiles of Children Based on Overt, Relational, and Cyber Aggression, to Assessments of Peer Liking and Popularit

A spatial and temporal analysis of seat-belt usage and seat-belt laws

Seat-belt usage has increased significantly in the US since the introduction of mandatory seat-belt usage laws in the 1980`s. This paper analyzes the impact of these laws on increasing seat-belt usage while controlling for other state-specific variables. Spatial analyses techniques are employed to further explain these effects. Spatial autocorrelation is found in the data but diminishes over time. Spatial correlation also exhibits a clear east-west direction. Results clearly show that both secondary and primary seat-belt laws have been effective at increasing seat-belt usage. In addition, our spatial analysis suggests that these effects cross state boundaries, implying an even larger level of effectiveness than direct measurement would suggest. Despite this some unexplained spatial correlation remains.

An Analysis of the Spatio-Temporal Factors Affecting Aircraft Conflicts Based on Simulation Modelling

The demand for air travel worldwide continues to grow at a rapid rate, especially in Europe and the United States. In Europe, the demand exceeded predictions with a real annual growth of 7.1% in the period 1985-1990, against a prediction of 2.4%. By the year 2010, the demand is expected to double from the 1990 level. Within the UK international scheduled passenger traffic is predicted to increase, on average, by 5.8 per cent per year between 1999 and 2003. The demand has not been matched by availability of capacity. In Western Europe many of the largest airports suffer from runway capacity constraints. Europe also suffers from an en-route airspace capacity constraint, which is determined by the workload of the air traffic controllers, i.e. the physical and mental work that controllers must undertake to safely conduct air traffic under their jurisdiction through en-route airspace. The annual cost to Europe due to air traffic inefficiency and congestion in en-route airspace is estimated to be 5 billion US Dollars, primarily due to delays caused by non-optimal route structures and reduced productivity of controllers due to equipment inefficiencies. Therefore, to in order to decrease the total delay, an increase in en-route capacity is of paramount importance. At a global scale and in the early 1980s, the International Civil Aviation Organisation (ICAO) recognised that the traditional air traffic control (ATC) systems would not cope with the growth in demand for capacity. Consequently new technologies and procedures have been proposed to enable ATC to cope with this demand, e.g. satellite-based system concept to meet the future civil aviation requirements for communication, navigation and surveillance/ air traffic management (CNS/ATM). In Europe, the organisation EUROCONTROL (established in 1960 to co-ordinate European ATM) proposed a variety of measures to increase the capacity of en-route airspace. A key change envisaged is the increasing delegation of responsibilities for control to flight crew, by the use of airborne separation assurance between aircraft, leading eventually to ?free flight? airspace. However, there are major concerns regarding the safety of operations in ?free flight? airspace. The safety of such airspace can be investigated by analysing the factors that affect conflict occurrence, i.e. a loss of the prescribed separation between two aircraft in airspace. This paper analyses the factors affecting conflict occurrence in current airspace and future free flight airspace by using a simulation model of air traffic controller workload, the RAMS model. The paper begins with a literature review of the factors that affect conflict occurrence. This is followed by a description of the RAMS model and of its use in this analysis. The airspace simulated is the Mediterranean Free Flight region, and the major attributes of this region and of the traffic demand patterns are outlined next. In particular a day?s air traffic is simulated in the two airspace scenarios, and rules for conflict detection and resolution are carefully defined. The following section outlines the framework for analysing the output from the simulations, using negative binomial (NB) and generalised negative binomial (GNB) regression, and discusses the estimation methods required. The next section presents the results of the regression analysis, taking into account the spatio-temporal nature of the data. The following section presents an analysis of the spatial and temporal pattern of conflicts in the two airspace scenarios across a day, highlighting possible metrics to indicate this. The paper concludes with future research directions based upon this analysis.

Sharing Feelings of Anger and Peer Sociability

Managing anger is important for successful peer relations. The present research examined the association between a child telling a friend when they felt angry, how much better they felt after telling, and peer nominated sociability. Children in Grades 3-5 (males = 94, females = 107) participated (IRB approved) with data collected in group, classroom sessions. Peer nominations for sociability behaviors were assessed (unlimited nominations; no self-nominations). Self-reports of extent of telling friends when angry, perceived benefit of telling a friend when angry, and extent of feeling angry over the last month were collected as well as assessment of classroom mutual (reciprocated) friendship nominations. A multigroup (Gender) path analysis was conducted using Mplus 8.0. Number of mutual friends was significantly (positively) related to peer sociability. Gender differences were found in the way sharing anger with friends related to peer sociability. How frequently boys reported feeling angry in a month was significantly (positively) related to peer sociability. For girls, perception of the effectiveness of sharing feelings of anger was significantly related to peer nominated sociability. There was also a significant indirect effect of girls’ perception of the effectiveness of sharing feelings of anger and peer nominated sociability with the extent to which girls shared feelings of anger mediating this association. Findings are discussed in terms of how gender differences in the nature of friendship relationships relate to the role of sharing anger with friends and peer sociability

PRACTICES USED BY DAIRY FARMERS TO REDUCE SEASONAL PRODUCTION VARIABILITY

Results of this study further support the effectiveness of the seasonal pricing plan in reducing seasonal production variability. Florida Dairy farmers were able to change factors that affect production in order to take advantage of the seasonal pricing plan and that farmers that chose not to participate were able to affect factors to increase production seasonality.seasonality, Demand and Price Analysis, Livestock Production/Industries,

AN EVALUATION OF THE EFFECTIVENESS OF THE FLORIDA COOPERATIVE'S SEASONAL PRICING PLAN ON SEASONAL PRODUCTION VARIABILITY

From 1993 - 1995, Florida dairy cooperatives implemented a seasonal pricing plan in an attempt to decrease the variability in seasonal production. Farmers that participated in the seasonal pricing plan were able to reduce seasonality in each year when compared to 1992 by as much as 20 percent. For farmers that did not participate, seasonality increased in each year by as much as 32 percent. Overall, the seasonal pricing plan was effective in reducing seasonality for those farmers that chose to participate in the plan and that its limited short-run success was the result of seasonality increases by non-participating farms.amplitude, seasonal pricing plan, seasonality, Livestock Production/Industries,

A model for teaching environmental justice in a planning curriculum

The communicative approach to planning (especially represented by Forester 1985, 1989, 1993) has offered an alternative approach to practicing planners (Lauria & Whelan 1995) uncomfortable with an instrumental rationality that leaves values undiscussed or unspecified. By recognizing that all forms of knowledge are socially constructed it accepts that values are not predetermined but are established in the communicative process itself. The examination of what planners do has revealed the role that planners can play in facilitating or hindering such communication (Healey 1992, 1996, Innes 1995, Forester 1994, Lauria & Soll 1996). This body of work draws on insights gained by examining in detail the way planners communicate with other actors in their daily practice, through face to face interactions or through planning documents. In other words, the focus has been on planners and plans. Now it seems that a useful way of building upon this body of work is to decenter the role of the planner and the plan so as to appreciate more fully the dynamic role played by divergent public interests. It is this increasing recognition of diversity of interests that forces us to question our capacity as planners to maneuver sympathetically between substantially different codes of meaning. I suggest that one way of doing this is to pay greater importance to the construction of the discourse of collective actors who are not just passive receivers of information or misinformation